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1000 – 600 BC, Bronze Age. This thick and heavy cast Bronze Age bracelet features a rectangular section, punched dot decorati

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 116

1000 – 600 BC, Bronze Age. This thick and heavy cast Bronze Age bracelet features a rectangular section, punched dot decoration and tapering terminals. In the Bronze Age bracelets were used not only as jewellery but also as ritual objects of high value, which allowed their owners to store wealth before the invention of coinage. Such bracelets are discovered in burials as grave gifts or found in large hoards, and an important part of the Bronze Age cultures in both Europe and Asia. Good condition, beautiful patina.Size: L:50mm / W:75mm ; 54g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK and European art market.

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1000 – 600 BC, Bronze Age. Large bronze cloak pin with double pomegranate-esque head atop a slim neck with three raised horiz

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 118

1000 – 600 BC, Bronze Age. Large bronze cloak pin with double pomegranate-esque head atop a slim neck with three raised horizontal bands at the shoulders and a tapering pin shaft. Cloak pins were an important part of bronze age culture and were worn by both men and women in much the same fashion as a brooch. These items were multifunction with their most basic purpose being clothing fasteners while their more ostentatious role was to serve as a display of wealth. Cloak pins such as this one were status symbols and could serve as tradablegoods in lieu of currency. Good condition. Wearable. Size: L:265mm / W:25mm ; 50g; Provenance: Property of a North London professional; previously acquire on the UK/European art market before 2000.

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300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like knobs, an arched bow, ribbed lower end and

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 119

300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like knobs, an arched bow, ribbed lower end and surviving pin. Some signs of possible gilding are still on the knobs and on the arch. Crossbow brooches, used for fastening cloaks were an international late Roman type, and were often worn by men in positions of authority, in the military or civil bureaucracy. A famous ivory diptych, now Monza, Italy, depicts Stilicho, the head of the Western Roman military under the Emperor Honorius in the years around 400 AD, along with his wife, Serena, and son, Eucherios. Both Stilicho and Eucherios wear crossbow brooches to fasten the cloaks on their right shoulders, indicating the importance of this type of dress accessory for those in positions of authority. This beautiful item may have belonged to a Roman military officer or another important official. Excellent condition. Size: L:80mm / W:55mm ; 70g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Central London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market before 2000.

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Ca. 700-1100 AD. Viking Era. A Viking era bronze omega brooch with flaring terminals decorated with raised dots arranged in g

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 121

Ca. 700-1100 AD. Viking Era. A Viking era bronze omega brooch with flaring terminals decorated with raised dots arranged in geometric patterns, circular sectioned pin plate, and a fine pin. This brooch is made more spectacular by the addition of cowrie shells wired to the body of the brooch. Brooches such as this one were status symbols, tradable goods in lieu of currency, and are often found as grave goods to provision the dead for the afterlife. For more general information on Viking Jewellery see Arbman, H. Birka I: Die Gräber, Uppsala, 1940. Good condition. Size: L:90mm / W:50mm ; 21g; Provenance: From the private collection of a South London art professional; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market before 2000.

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c. 100-300 AD. Roman. Bronze openwork swastika brooch with well-preserved catch-plate on the reverse (the pin does not surviv

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 124

c. 100-300 AD. Roman. Bronze openwork swastika brooch with well-preserved catch-plate on the reverse (the pin does not survive). The swastika was a symbol of lightning bolts in Roman art and is therefore associated with the thunder god, Jupiter. Brooches were an important element of Roman dress, used to fasten clothing but they also served as dress accessories in their own right. Thousands of different types and subtypes of Roman brooches are attested, and they seem to have played an important role in Roman people’s self-expression. This item may have belonged to a devotee of Jupiter, probably a soldier, as he was a particularly important deity among Roman military communities. For various comparable brooches, see Richard Hattatt. 2000. A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxbow Books, p. 357, item 1624. Good condition.Size: L:30mm / W:33mm ; 10g; Provenance: Property of a professional London art expert; obtained from an old British collection formed in the 1970s.

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C. 1200 - 1800 AD. Medieval and post-Medieval. A beautiful collection of 10 cross pendants including bronze and iron examples

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 125

C. 1200 - 1800 AD. Medieval and post-Medieval. A beautiful collection of 10 cross pendants including bronze and iron examples, all of which are cast, most have raised decoration. This lot includes a particularly large iron cross with curvilinear arms. Crosses are the principal symbol of the Christian religion, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The cross is thus a sign both of Christ himself and of the faith of Christians. Good condition. Size: 25-37mm; 15.5g; Size: L:Set of 10; 26mm (smallest) 50mm(largest) / W:17mm (smallest) 24mm(largest) ; 25g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed since the 1980s on the UK and European art market.

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C. 100-300 AD. Roman. Bronze scabbard chape (or bottom) with U-shaped body, openwork pelta ornament and projecting pelta orna

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 127

C. 100-300 AD. Roman. Bronze scabbard chape (or bottom) with U-shaped body, openwork pelta ornament and projecting pelta ornament at the top. The body bears an inscription “COH[ORS] ITER HONORI LEONTIS”, which may refer to the unit (cohort) in which the original owner served. Chapes serve to reinforce leather or fabric scabbards to prevent the point of a blade from cutting through. The Roman gladius was the short sword used by soldiers under the Roman Empire, which primarily allowed for stabbing attacks while fighting in closed rank formation. Excellent condition. Size: L:65mm / W:45mm ; 63g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Central London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market before 2000.

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Ca.800 - 600 BC. An early necklace formed of bronze pendants in a variety of shapes including bells and spheres (restrung). B

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 128

Ca.800 - 600 BC. An early necklace formed of bronze pendants in a variety of shapes including bells and spheres (restrung). Bells had magical implications in ancient societies as their unpredictable noises could help to keep away evil spirits. Such pendants may originally have belonged to precursors of the Druids. A Druid (Celtic: “Knowing [or Finding] the Oak Tree”) was a member of the learned class among the ancient Celts. They seem to have frequented oak forests and acted as priests, teachers, and judges. The earliest written testimony of the Druids comes from the 3rd century BC but they probably originated much earlier as this late dating reflects the point at which the literate Greek-speaking societies of the Mediterranean came into contact with the Celts of Northern Europe. Good condition, professionally restrung, suitable for contemporary wear. Size: L:190mm / W:285mm ; 195g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK and European art market.

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Ca. 300 BC. Celtic. Bronze zoomorphic amulet in the shape of an abstract stag with prominent antlers and a suspension loop on

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 129

Ca. 300 BC. Celtic. Bronze zoomorphic amulet in the shape of an abstract stag with prominent antlers and a suspension loop on its back. The stag was a symbol of hunting prowess in the Celtic Iron Age, perhaps suggesting that this beautiful item belonged to an aspiring hunter. Good condition; beautiful patina; professionally restrung. Size: L:28mm / W:35mm ; 7g; Provenance: Private Kent collection, formed in the 1980-90s on the UK art market.

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Ca.800 BC, Bronze Age. A beautiful Celtic bronze pendant formed as an omega-shaped plaque of round-section wire with coiled e

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 130

Ca.800 BC, Bronze Age. A beautiful Celtic bronze pendant formed as an omega-shaped plaque of round-section wire with coiled ends. The outermost edges are decorated with applied granulations and the lowermost portion of the omega-plaque has suspension loops from which lozenge shaped plaques hang. Good Condition, Superb patina. Size: L:55mm / W:40mm ; 22g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Kent gentleman; previously in an old British collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK /European art markets.

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Ca. 100 AD, Roman. Bronze lunar amulet comprising a crescent moon with a suspension loop, and linearally decorated, rounded t

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 131

Ca. 100 AD, Roman. Bronze lunar amulet comprising a crescent moon with a suspension loop, and linearally decorated, rounded terminals. In Roman mythology, Luna (the Moon) is sometimes viewed as a goddess in her own right, and sometimes appears as an epithet of more senior goddesses like Diana or Juno, meaning this item may be a sign of devotion to senior gods within the Roman pantheon. Excellent condition; on modern chain. Wearable. Size: L:50mm / W:45mm ; 16g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1980s.

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C. 1000-1500 AD, Byzantine. Bronze cross with arms terminating in rondels and large suspension loop. The obverse of the cross

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 133

C. 1000-1500 AD, Byzantine. Bronze cross with arms terminating in rondels and large suspension loop. The obverse of the cross features an inscription reading “Nikolaos“ in Greek letters, while the reverse reads “Georgeos.” The Cross, the principal symbol of Christianity, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The cross is thus a sign both of Christ himself and of the faith of Christians. The inscribed names refer to two of the principal saints of Byzantine Christianity, St Nicholas, and St George, both of whom guarded over solders. This beautiful item may have belonged to a Byzantine soldier, seeking protection from the saints. Good condition; wearable.Size: L:40mm / W:28mm ; 9g; Provenance: Private collection of a West London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/International art market in the 1990s.

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C. 900-1200 AD, Byzantine Crusader. Beautiful gold cross with intricate repeating curvilinear scrollwork decoration and a hin

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 134

C. 900-1200 AD, Byzantine Crusader. Beautiful gold cross with intricate repeating curvilinear scrollwork decoration and a hinged suspension loop. The centre of the cross comprises a rectangular emerald setting whilst the corners of each arm are studded with pearls The medieval empire of Byzantium was justly famous for the elegance of its jewellery, whether in precious metals for the aristocracy, or in bronze for people further down the social ladder. Crosses are the principal symbol of the Christian religion, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The cross is thus a sign both of Christ himself and of the faith of Christians. Good, wearable condition.Size: L:42mm / W:30mm ; 7.5g; Provenance: Property of a professional Ancient art and jewelry expert; previously with a London gallery; initially from a private British collection formed in the 1980s.

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Ca. 1-300 AD. Roman. A restrung necklace of Roman and modern beads comprising beautiful semiprecious blue Roman agate beads i

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 136

Ca. 1-300 AD. Roman. A restrung necklace of Roman and modern beads comprising beautiful semiprecious blue Roman agate beads interspaced with modern bronze beads. The agate beads are made even more stunning by the beautiful streaking characteristic of the stone. Beads were an important part of Roman women's dress. For more information on Roman bead types, see M. Guido (1978), The glass beads of the prehistoric and Roman periods in Britain and Ireland. London: Society of Antiquaries. Exceletn Condition, wearable.Size: L:225mm / W:270mm ; 12g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Somerset gentleman; previously in an old British collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK /European art markets.

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2000-1000 BC, Bronze Age, Amlash or Luristan. Bronze ritual axe head with curved blade, flaring head, circular socket with ri

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 14

2000-1000 BC, Bronze Age, Amlash or Luristan. Bronze ritual axe head with curved blade, flaring head, circular socket with ribbed decoration and curved projection on the axe poll. The head is topped with a styled animal, probably a tiger, depicted in silhouette. This ornamental addition probably reflects the ritual nature of this axe, which may have used during the ritual sacrifices or other religious ceremonies common in Bronze Age societies. Good condition; on a custom stand. Size: L:70mm / W:170mm ; 430g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Somerset gentleman; previously in an old British collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK /European art markets.

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C. 1-300 AD. Roman. A heavy bronze armilla bracelet with rectangular section and sub-elliptical, recurved terminals. Armillae

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 141

C. 1-300 AD. Roman. A heavy bronze armilla bracelet with rectangular section and sub-elliptical, recurved terminals. Armillae were armband style bracelets awarded as a military decoration. The rank of the soldier in question determined the metal from which the bracelet was made either gold, silver or bronze. These bracelets were not for everyday wear, but were occasion pieces worn at special military and civic events suchs a triumphs, religious ceremonies and games. Superb condition. Size: L:60mm / W:68mm ; 34g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Central London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market formed in the 1980s.

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700-1100 AD, Viking Age. A heavy bronze twisted bracelet comprised strands of bronze woven together with looped terminals mea

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 142

700-1100 AD, Viking Age. A heavy bronze twisted bracelet comprised strands of bronze woven together with looped terminals meant evoke the form of a snake. In Norse mythology, Jormungand (pronounced “YOUR-mun-gand;” Old Norse Jörmungandr, “Great Beast”), also called the “Midgard Serpent,” is a snake or dragon who lives in the ocean that surrounds Midgard, the visible world. He was so enormous that his body forms a circle around the entirety of Midgard. He is one of the three children of Loki and the giantess Angrboda, along with Hel and Fenrir. Good condition. Wearable.Size: L:54mm / W:72mm ; 36g; Provenance: From the private collection of an Essex gentleman; previously in an old British Collection, formed in the 1990s.

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300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like protrusions, an arched bow, lower tail wit

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 144

300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like protrusions, an arched bow, lower tail with incised chevron decoration on the sides and surviving pin. The bow bears an inscription reading “VIVAS.” Crossbow brooches, used for fastening cloaks were an international late Roman type, and were often worn by men in positions of authority, in the military or civil bureaucracy, but also by women. A famous ivory diptych, now Monza, Italy, depicts Stilicho, the head of the Western Roman military under the Emperor Honorius in the years around 400 AD, along with his wife, Serena, and son, Eucherios. Both Stilicho and Eucherios wear crossbow brooches to fasten the cloaks on their right shoulders, indicating the importance of this type of dress accessory for those in positions of authority. This beautiful item may have belonged to a Roman military officer or another important official. The Latin formula ‘vivas’ (“may you live [in Christ]”), commonly found in late Roman contexts, indicates that this particular item probably belonged to a Christian individual. Excellent condition. Size: L:80mm / W:50mm ; 60g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed since the 1970s on the UK and European art market.

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2000-1000 BC, Bronze Age, Luristan. Bronze axe head with curved blade, sharply tapering head, and deep round socket, incised

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 15

2000-1000 BC, Bronze Age, Luristan. Bronze axe head with curved blade, sharply tapering head, and deep round socket, incised with geometric decorative motifs. Bronze weaponry production flourished from 3000 BC – 1200 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron over the following 500 years. Axes, swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition; beautiful patina; on a custom stand. Size: L:55mm / W:115mm ; 200g; Provenance: From the private collection of an Essex gentleman; previously in an old British Collection, formed in the 1980s.

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c. 1200-1600 AD. Medieval. Bronze ring with circular hoop, gently flaring shoulders and an octagonal bezel. The bezel bears i

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 150

c. 1200-1600 AD. Medieval. Bronze ring with circular hoop, gently flaring shoulders and an octagonal bezel. The bezel bears incised decoration in the form of a crown poised over a shield and surrounded by vegetal motifs and the shoulders bear vertical lines and vegetal motifs. Heraldry, or the use of an inherited coat of arms, was a means by which to display personal identity and familial relations. This tradition began c. 12th century AD in battlefield contexts were elitesneeded a symbol to display in order to be easily recognizable even when their faces were obscured by armour. By the 13th century AD this practice was adopted by nobles and knights who took immense pride in their family arms and colours. The heraldic ring was a key part of this personal branding as it allowed the owner to stamp their coat of arms on their correspondences. Fair condition. Wearable.Size: D: 19.84mm / US: 10 / UK: T 1/2; 9.4g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Central London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market formed in the 1980s.

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C. 2000-700BC, Luristan culture. A Luristan cast bronze mace head with a tubular shape and a protruding spheroid midsection.

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 16

C. 2000-700BC, Luristan culture. A Luristan cast bronze mace head with a tubular shape and a protruding spheroid midsection. The upper portion of mace head, just anterior to the spheroid section is decorated with two incised horizontal lines. The midsection comprises a spheroid shape made from a series of vertically orientated, raised ridges which taper lower down to reunite with the weapon's tubular base. The base itself is ornamented with a single raised band and a gently flaring rim. Bronze weaponry production flourished from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700BC when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, maceheads spears and arrows were exchanged via trade and war and are discovered in both civic and ritual context. A macehead such as this one would have been an important symbol of rank, and have served a purpose in warfare, but also in religious contexts as maceheads were common votive offerings in shrines. Superb condition, mounted on custom made stand.Size: L:170mm / W:40mm ; 250g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1980s.

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C. 600 BC, Bronze Age European. Openwork bronze sun pendant comprising two concentric circles with raised decorative dots at

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 164

C. 600 BC, Bronze Age European. Openwork bronze sun pendant comprising two concentric circles with raised decorative dots at regular intervals joined by four horizontal bars. The sun is commonly depicted in Bronze Age art and seems to have been a powerful symbol of fertility and the passage of time. However, the sun was not just a natural phenomenon but was often viewed as a god in many Bronze Age societies. Good condition; on modern neck loop. Wearable. Size: L:55mm / W:55mm ; 40g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1990s.

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C. 900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Bronze Valkyrie amulet comprising heavy suspension loop, stylised circular arms and abstract drap

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 165

C. 900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Bronze Valkyrie amulet comprising heavy suspension loop, stylised circular arms and abstract draped clothing. In Norse mythology, Valkyries were a host of female figures charged with choosing who would die and who would live during a battle, and then with conveying the dead to Valhalla, the Norse afterlife. Good condition; professionally restrung; wearable.Size: L:43mm / W:16mm ; 8.8g; Provenance: Property of a London gallery, previously in old British collection formed in the 1980s.

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Ca. 800 BC. Bronze Age. Coiled bronze amulet comprising a circular suspension loop from which hangs a pyramid formed from bro

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 166

Ca. 800 BC. Bronze Age. Coiled bronze amulet comprising a circular suspension loop from which hangs a pyramid formed from bronze coils, the first two tiers being filled and the last tier empty. Good condition.Size: L:37mm / W:30mm ; 11.2g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed since the 1980s on the UK and European art market.

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C. 2000-700BC, Luristan culture. A Luristan cast bronze mace head with a tubular shape and a protruding spheroid head. The up

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 17

C. 2000-700BC, Luristan culture. A Luristan cast bronze mace head with a tubular shape and a protruding spheroid head. The upper portion of mace head, just anterior to the spheroid section is decorated with a raised horizontal rib which delinates the spheroid section from the uppermost portion of the weapon. The spheroid head comprises a series of vertically orientated, raised ridges which taper lower down to reunite with the weapon's tubular base. The lower section is delinated by another raised horizontal band which marks the boundary of the lower part of the tublar shaft. The weapon terminates with a further series of three raised horizontal bands. Bronze weaponry production flourished from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700BC when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, maceheads spears and arrows were exchanged via trade and war and are discovered in both civic and ritual context. A macehead such as this one would have been an important symbol of rank, and have served a purpose in warfare, but also in religious contexts as maceheads were common votive offerings in shrines. Superb condition, mounted on custom made stand. Size: L:110mm / W:35mm ; 290g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1980s.

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1200-800 BC, Greek Archaic Period. Bronze Age. A bronze spearhead with a leaf-shaped, lentoid sectioned blade, a wide raised

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 18

1200-800 BC, Greek Archaic Period. Bronze Age. A bronze spearhead with a leaf-shaped, lentoid sectioned blade, a wide raised midrib and a short, neck decorated with incised lines that transitions into a tang with a laterally curved terminal. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition, on a custom-made stand. Size: L:520mm / W:55mm ; 560g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1980s.

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c. 1-300 AD. Roman. A heavy bronze ring with a D-shaped hoop, a round bezel with incised curvilinear decoration probably repr

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 181

c. 1-300 AD. Roman. A heavy bronze ring with a D-shaped hoop, a round bezel with incised curvilinear decoration probably representing a lituus, a Roman cult instrument. The shoulders are also incised with vertical lines. This simple yet elegant ring probably belonged to a Roman auger since the lituus was also the symbol of the office of augur and marked these individuals out as belonging to the priestly group. Good condition. Wearable.Size: D: 18.2mm / US: 8 / UK: Q; 7.9g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1970s on the UK and European art market.

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1-200 AD. Roman. Bronze ring with D-shaped hoop and flattened, circular bezel bearing an incised eagle motif. An aquila (eagl

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 182

1-200 AD. Roman. Bronze ring with D-shaped hoop and flattened, circular bezel bearing an incised eagle motif. An aquila (eagle) was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion. A legionary known as an aquilifer, or eagle-bearer, carried this standard. Each legion carried one eagle. This ring likely belonged to either a legionary officer or standard-bearer. For more information on Roman rings, see: Cf. Ruseva-Slokoska, L. Roman Jewellery, Sofia, 1991. Good condition; wearable.Size: D: 17.75mm / US: 7 1/2 / UK: p; 3.8g; Provenance: Property of a London gallery, previously in old British collection formed in the 1980s.

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1000-1500 AD, Crusader Period. Bronze ring with D-shaped hoop, and elliptical bezel with petalled border and incised motif co

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 183

1000-1500 AD, Crusader Period. Bronze ring with D-shaped hoop, and elliptical bezel with petalled border and incised motif comprising a large cross which divides the space into four equal fields, each containing a smaller cross. The Cross, the principal symbol of Christianity, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The cross is thus a sign both of Christ himself and of the faith of Christians. The cross that the Crusaders wore on their robes was a symbol of martyrdom, and to die in combat was considered a great honour that assured a place in heaven. The Crusades were military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion in the Holy Lands. People of all social classes took place in the Crusades, from heavily armed knights to humble peasants using improvised weapons, all in pursuit of salvation in the afterlife. This ring may have belonged to one such crusader, perhaps a knight, as a mark of his status. Good condition; wearable.Size: D: 16.1mm / US: 5 1/2 / UK: L; 6g; Provenance: Property of a North London professional; previously acquire on the UK/European art market in the 1970s.

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1000-1500 AD, Crusader Period. A bronze ring with a D-shaped hoop and flat, hexagonal bezel bearing a rare incised arrow and

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 184

1000-1500 AD, Crusader Period. A bronze ring with a D-shaped hoop and flat, hexagonal bezel bearing a rare incised arrow and key motif. The Crusades were military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion in the Holy Lands. People of all social classes took place in the Crusades, from heavily armed knights to humble peasants using improvised weapons, all in pursuit of salvation in the afterlife. This item may have belonged to a mason, perhaps one employed to build crusader castles which appeared throughout the Middle East during this period. Excellent condition; wearable.Size: D: 18.35mm / US: 8 1/4 / UK: Q 1/2; 5.8g; Provenance: From the private collection of a South London art professional; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market in the 1990s.

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C. 100-300 AD. Roman. Bronze scabbard chape (or bottom) with pelta-shaped body surmounted by a stylised budding flower motif.

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 186

C. 100-300 AD. Roman. Bronze scabbard chape (or bottom) with pelta-shaped body surmounted by a stylised budding flower motif. Chapes serve to reinforce leather or fabric scabbards to prevent the point of a blade from cutting through. The Roman gladius was the short sword used by soldiers under the Roman Empire, which primarily allowed for stabbing attacks while fighting in closed rank formation. Excellent condition.Size: D: mm / US: 34 / UK: 38; 15g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Somerset gentleman; previously in an old British collection, formed in the 1990s on the UK /European art markets.

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300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like protrusions, an arched bow, rectangular ta

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 187

300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like protrusions, an arched bow, rectangular tail and surviving pin. The bow bears an inscription reading “VETERE FELIX.” Crossbow brooches, used for fastening cloaks were an international late Roman type, and were often worn by men in positions of authority, in the military or civil bureaucracy, but also by women. A famous ivory diptych, now Monza, Italy, depicts Stilicho, the head of the Western Roman military under the Emperor Honorius in the years around 400 AD, along with his wife, Serena, and son, Eucherios. Both Stilicho and Eucherios wear crossbow brooches to fasten the cloaks on their right shoulders, indicating the importance of this type of dress accessory for those in positions of authority. This beautiful item may have belonged to a Roman military officer or another important official. The formula VETERE FELIX (‘Use happily’) may reflect a pagan blessing. Excellent condition.Size: L:76mm / W:53mm ; 48g; Provenance: Property of a professional Ancient art and jewelry expert; previously with a London gallery; initially from a private British collection formed in the 1980s.

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ca. 1200 - 800 BC; Greek Archaic period. A bronze sword with a gently tapering, bevelled blade, wide raised midrib, a raised,

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 19

ca. 1200 - 800 BC; Greek Archaic period. A bronze sword with a gently tapering, bevelled blade, wide raised midrib, a raised, crecent-shaped decoration on the blade's base, a cylindrical grip, an intact hemispherical stone pommel and a lovely green patina. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Superb condition; on a custom-made stand. Size: L:520mm / W:70mm ; 1kg; Provenance: Property of a professional London art expert; obtained from an old British collection formed in the 1980s.

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C. 700-1100 AD. Viking Age. Large bronze cloak pin with branching head, raised decorative ribs near the top and an attachment

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 192

C. 700-1100 AD. Viking Age. Large bronze cloak pin with branching head, raised decorative ribs near the top and an attachment loop on the reverse. Good condition; beautiful patina.Size: L:230mm / W:75mm ; 57g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1970s on the UK and European art market.

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C. 1200 - 1800 AD. Medieval and post-Medieval. A beautiful collection of 10 cross pendants including bronze and iron examples

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 194

C. 1200 - 1800 AD. Medieval and post-Medieval. A beautiful collection of 10 cross pendants including bronze and iron examples, all of which are cast, most have raised decoration. This lot includes a particularly large cross with 4 wide arms, and four smaller arms forming an eight-pointed star, and stamped decoration. Crosses are the principal symbol of the Christian religion, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The cross is thus a sign both of Christ himself and of the faith of Christians. Good condition. Size: L:Set of 11; 23mm(smallest) 45mm (largest)/ W:14mm (smallest) 28mm (largest) ; 28g;Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s.

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700-1100 AD, Viking Age. A heavy bronze bracelet with punched dot and box decoration, and incised lines on the terminals thou

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 195

700-1100 AD, Viking Age. A heavy bronze bracelet with punched dot and box decoration, and incised lines on the terminals thought to be a stylised depictions of dragons, which frequently appear on Viking-age ornaments. In Viking society, arm rings and bracelets were not just decorative, but also served to mark bonds of loyalty between a lord and his followers in a culture where honour was a matter of life and death. Such items were also. given to young men to mark their coming of age and bracelets of precious metals were also used as currency in a time before the widespread availability of coinage. Dragons were important figures in Norse mythology, and were known for their powerful, destructive nature, perhaps reflecting a claim to power by the individual who once owned this bracelet. Good condition, beautiful patina.Size: L:53mm / W:62mm ; 37g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed in the 1970s on the UK and European art market.

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C. 1-300 AD. Roman. A heavy bronze armilla bracelet with rectangular section and sub-square flattened terminals. Armillae wer

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 196

C. 1-300 AD. Roman. A heavy bronze armilla bracelet with rectangular section and sub-square flattened terminals. Armillae were armband style bracelets awarded as a military decoration. The rank of the soldier in question determined the metal from which the bracelet was made either gold, silver or bronze. These bracelets were not for everyday wear, but were occasion pieces worn at special military and civic events suchs a triumphs, religious ceremonies and games. Superb condition.Size: L:53mm / W:66mm ; 26g; Provenance: Important London collection of Ancient art; formed in 1970s then passed by descent.

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C. 900-1100 AD. Viking Period. This beautiful bronze torc has a twisted design, with its terminals fashioned into a loop and

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 198

C. 900-1100 AD. Viking Period. This beautiful bronze torc has a twisted design, with its terminals fashioned into a loop and flattened, angled square plaque, respectively. This pieces is made even more stunning by it’s beautiful patina. Torcs are found in many European cultures c. the 8th century BC to the 3rd century AD. However, these elaborate items of jewellery made a reappearance during the Viking period c. 900-1100 AD perhaps due to their twisting nature which recalls Loki’s snake/dragon son Jormungand who lives in the ocean that surrounds Midgard. Torcs such as this one would also have served as important symbols of rank and wealth. Superb condition. Wearable.Size: L:165mm / W:165mm ; 110g; Provenance: Property of a West London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/International art market in the 1980s.

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ca. 1200 - 800 BC; Greek Archaic period.This beautiful bronze sword has a tapering, bevelled blade with a raised midrib adorn

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 20

ca. 1200 - 800 BC; Greek Archaic period.This beautiful bronze sword has a tapering, bevelled blade with a raised midrib adorned with two shallow fullers or “blood groves” and short tang. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Superb condition, on a custom-made stand.Size: L:450mm / W:65mm ; 350g; Provenance: Property of a professional London art expert; obtained from an old British collection formed in the 1980s.

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c. 1-300 AD. Roman. A spectacular bronze pendant comprising a phallus, testes, and pubic mound which is decorated with incise

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 206

c. 1-300 AD. Roman. A spectacular bronze pendant comprising a phallus, testes, and pubic mound which is decorated with incised lines meant to simulate hair. Phallic charms, often winged, were ubiquitous in Roman culture and relate to the fascinus or fascinum which was the embodiment of the divine phallus. The word can refer to the deity himself (Fascinus), to phallus effigies and amulets, and to the spells used to invoke his divine protection against evil. Excellent Condition. Wearable; on modern necklace.Size: L:48mm / W:31mm ; 30g; Provenance: Property of a London gallery, previously in old British collection formed in the 1970s.

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C. 600 BC, Bronze Age European. Openwork bronze sun pendant comprising two concentric circles with raised decorative dots at

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 207

C. 600 BC, Bronze Age European. Openwork bronze sun pendant comprising two concentric circles with raised decorative dots at regular intervals joined by four horizontal bars. The sun is commonly depicted in Bronze Age art and seems to have been a powerful symbol of fertility and the passage of time. However, the sun was not just a natural phenomenon but was often viewed as a god in many Bronze Age societies. Good condition; on modern neck loop. Wearable. Size: L:66mm / W:56mm ; 26g; Provenance: From an old Oxford collection formed in the 1990s.

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c. 900-1100 AD. Viking age. A beautiful bronze dragon’s foot amulet comprised of four stylised feet each comprising three app

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 208

c. 900-1100 AD. Viking age. A beautiful bronze dragon’s foot amulet comprised of four stylised feet each comprising three applied spheroid decorations perched across a horizontal, faux wrapped bar, and four lozenge-shaped charms suspended from the openwork suspension loops. In Norse mythology, Fáfnir (Old Norse and Icelandic) or Frænir is a son of the dwarf king Hreidmar and brother of Regin , Ótr, Lyngheiðr and Lofnheiðr. After being affected by the curse of Andvari’s ring and gold, Fafnir became a dragon and was slain by the brave hero Sigurd. The wearable reminder of this myth would have inspired bravery in Viking warriors. Good condition. Size: L:60mm / W:49mm ; 32.5g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1970s.

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1000-1500 AD, Medieval Crusader period. Bronze crucifix pendant comprising four flat arms, with squared off terminals bearing

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 209

1000-1500 AD, Medieval Crusader period. Bronze crucifix pendant comprising four flat arms, with squared off terminals bearing an image of Jesus being crucified wearing a heavy robe. The Crucifix, a principal symbol of Christianity, recalls the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The crucifix that the Crusaders wore on their robes was a symbol of martyrdom, and to die in combat was considered a great honour that assured a place in heaven. Good condition. Wearable. Size: L:40mm / W:21mm ; 6g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed since the 1980s on the UK and European art market.

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800 – 600 BC. Greek Hoplite Period. Socketed Bronze spearhead comprising a substantial leaf-shaped, lentoid-section blade wit

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 21

800 – 600 BC. Greek Hoplite Period. Socketed Bronze spearhead comprising a substantial leaf-shaped, lentoid-section blade with raised midrib, and a long neck. Hoplites were the citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greece, where each city state was fiercely independent and could only be sustained through the military power of its male inhabitants. Hoplites primarily fought using the closed phalanx formation to allow best use of their frequently small numbers, and their principal equipment would have included large, circular (‘Argive’) shields and spears like this one. For more information on Greek hoplite warfare, see Donald Kagan and Gregory F. Viggiano (eds., 2013). Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton University Press. Good condition. Size: L:220mm / W:30mm ; 120g; Provenance: From the private collection of an Essex gentleman; previously in an old British Collection, formed in the 1980s.

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800 BC Bronze age pin with stylised beast termonal; good cindition. Size: 200 mm/ 50 grams. Provenance: Private UK collection

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 210

800 BC Bronze age pin with stylised beast termonal; good cindition. Size: 200 mm/ 50 grams. Provenance: Private UK collection; acquired in the 1980s.

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100-200 AD. Roman. Bronze disk brooch with openwork decoration forming abstract geometric patterns and a well-preserved pin a

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 214

100-200 AD. Roman. Bronze disk brooch with openwork decoration forming abstract geometric patterns and a well-preserved pin and catch-plate on the reverse. Brooches were an important element of Roman dress, used to fasten clothing but they also served as dress accessories in their own right. Thousands of different types and subtypes of Roman brooches are attested, and they seem to have played an important role in Roman people’s self-expression. For further information on Roman brooches, see Richard Hattatt. 2000. A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxbow Books. Good condition. Size: L:38mm / W:39mm ; 16.8g; Provenance: Property of a London gallery, previously in old British collection formed in the 1980s.

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Ca.1300-600 BC. Bronze Age Luristani culture. Bronze cloth pin comprising a round-sectioned shank and stylised poppy-head fin

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 217

Ca.1300-600 BC. Bronze Age Luristani culture. Bronze cloth pin comprising a round-sectioned shank and stylised poppy-head finial. Good condition; beautiful patina.Size: L:195mm / W:35mm ; 100g; Provenance: From the private collection of an Essex gentleman; previously in an old British Collection, formed in the 1980s.

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800 – 600 BC. Greek Hoplite Period. Socketed Bronze spearhead comprising a substantial leaf-shaped, lentoid-section blade wit

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 22

800 – 600 BC. Greek Hoplite Period. Socketed Bronze spearhead comprising a substantial leaf-shaped, lentoid-section blade with raised midrib, and a mid-length neck. Hoplites were the citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greece, where each city state was fiercely independent and could only be sustained through the military power of its male inhabitants. Hoplites primarily fought using the closed phalanx formation to allow best use of their frequently small numbers, and their principal equipment would have included large, circular (‘Argive’) shields and spears like this one. For more information on Greek hoplite warfare, see Donald Kagan and Gregory F. Viggiano (eds., 2013). Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton University Press. Good condition. Size: L:200mm / W:45mm ; 100g; Provenance: From the private collection of an Essex gentleman; previously in an old British Collection, formed in the 1980s.

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1000 – 600 BC, Bronze Age. This thick and heavy cast bronze bracelet features a D-shaped section. In the Bronze Age bracelets

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 220

1000 – 600 BC, Bronze Age. This thick and heavy cast bronze bracelet features a D-shaped section. In the Bronze Age bracelets were used not only as jewellery but also as ritual objects of high value, which allowed their owners to store wealth before the invention of coinage. Such bracelets are discovered in burials as grave gifts or found in large hoards, and an important part of the Bronze Age cultures in both Europe and Asia. Good condition, wearable.Size: L:55mm / W:70mm ; 85g; Provenance: From the private collection of a South London art professional; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market in the 1970s.

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700-1100 AD, Viking Age. Rare bronze amulet depicting a highly stylised rider, Odin, on horseback; a suspension loop protrude

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 222

700-1100 AD, Viking Age. Rare bronze amulet depicting a highly stylised rider, Odin, on horseback; a suspension loop protrudes from Odin’s head. Odin, who can be identified on the basis of his beard, (picked out with careful incised decoration) was a major deity, who served as the god of wisdom, healing, death, royalty, the gallows, knowledge, war, battle, victory, sorcery, poetry, frenzy, and the runic alphabet. Good condition.Size: L:30mm / W:31mm ; 4.6g; Provenance: Important London collection of Ancient art; formed in 1970s then passed by descent.

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1000-1500 AD, Medieval Crusader period. A large bronze cross pendant comprising four rounded arms adorned with incised decora

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 223

1000-1500 AD, Medieval Crusader period. A large bronze cross pendant comprising four rounded arms adorned with incised decoration. The Cross, the principal symbol of Christianity, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the redeeming benefits of his Passion and death. The cross is thus a sign both of Christ himself and of the faith of Christians. The cross that the Crusaders wore on their robes was a symbol of martyrdom, and to die in combat was considered a great honour that assured a place in heaven. Good condition. Wearable. Size: L:52mm / W:37mm ; 7.5g; Provenance: Private Kent collection, formed in the 1980-90s on the UK art market.

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Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 225

700-1100 AD, Viking Age. Bronze pendant showing a horned, winged beast, probably a dragon, in profile. In Norse mythology, Fáfnir (Old Norse and Icelandic) or Frænir is a son of the dwarf king Hreidmar and brother of Regin, Ótr, Lyngheiðr and Lofnheiðr. After being affected by the curse of Andvari's ring and gold, Fafnir became a dragon and was slain by the brave hero Sigurd. Dragons were powerful mythological symbols, embodying power and strength. Good condition, beautiful patina Size: L:30mm / W:34mm ; 5g; Provenance: Private Kent collection, formed in the 1980s on the UK art market.

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800 – 600 BC. Greek Hoplite Period. Socketed Bronze spearhead comprising a substantial leaf-shaped, lentoid-section blade wit

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 23

800 – 600 BC. Greek Hoplite Period. Socketed Bronze spearhead comprising a substantial leaf-shaped, lentoid-section blade with raised midrib, and a long neck. Hoplites were the citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greece, where each city state was fiercely independent and could only be sustained through the military power of its male inhabitants. Hoplites primarily fought using the closed phalanx formation to allow best use of their frequently small numbers, and their principal equipment would have included large, circular (‘Argive’) shields and spears like this one. For more information on Greek hoplite warfare, see Donald Kagan and Gregory F. Viggiano (eds., 2013). Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton University Press. Good condition. Size: L:185mm / W:35mm ; 110g; Provenance: From the private collection of an Essex gentleman; previously in an old British Collection, formed in the 1980s.

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ca.600-800AD, Saxon period. Striking bronze ring with thin circular hoop decorated with incised lines and thick octagonal bez

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 231

ca.600-800AD, Saxon period. Striking bronze ring with thin circular hoop decorated with incised lines and thick octagonal bezel featuring four sets of concentric circle designs, representing the Sun. The Sun was an important deity in ancient Germanic religion, and gives the modern day Sunday its name. This item have been worn by an individual with some disposable wearlth a sign of their status in Saxon society. Good, wearable.Size: D: 18.61mm / US: 8 5/8 / UK: R; 8.1g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Austria.

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ca. 1200-800 BC, Greek Archaic Period. A bronze spearhead with a slightly barbed leaf-shaped, lentoid sectioned blade, raised

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 24

ca. 1200-800 BC, Greek Archaic Period. A bronze spearhead with a slightly barbed leaf-shaped, lentoid sectioned blade, raised midrib and a short tang. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition, on a custom-made stand.Size: L:165mm / W:32mm ; 45g; Provenance: Private Kent collection, formed in the 1980-90s on the UK art market.

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1-200 AD. Roman. Heavy bronze ring with D-shaped hoop and flattened, rounded bezel featuring an incised eagle motif. An aquil

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 241

1-200 AD. Roman. Heavy bronze ring with D-shaped hoop and flattened, rounded bezel featuring an incised eagle motif. An aquila (eagle) was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion. A legionary known as an aquilifer, or eagle-bearer, carried this standard. Each legion carried one eagle. This ring likely belonged to either a legionary officer or standard-bearer. For more information on Roman rings, see: Cf. Ruseva-Slokoska, L. Roman Jewellery, Sofia, 1991. Good condition; wearable.Size: D: 18.61mm / US: 8 5/8 / UK: R; 5.9g; Provenance: Property of a West London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/International art market in the 1990s.

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700-1100 AD, Viking Age. A bronze ring with a heavy, D-shaped hoop with incised hatching decoration on the shoulders, and fla

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 243

700-1100 AD, Viking Age. A bronze ring with a heavy, D-shaped hoop with incised hatching decoration on the shoulders, and flattened, round bezel bearing an incised tree motif, intended to represent Yggdrasil. In Norse Mythology, Yggdrasil is an enormous tree that connects the Nine Worlds The first element in Yggdrasil’s name, Yggr (“Terrible”), is one of the many names of the god Odin, while the second, drasill, means “horse.” Yggdrasil’s name therefore means “Horse of Odin,” a reference to the time when the Terrible One hung himself to discover the runes. Good, wearable condition.Size: D: 17.35mm / US: 7 / UK: O; 6g; Provenance: From the private collection of a South London art professional; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market in the 1970s.

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300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like protrusions, an arched bow, rectangular ta

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 245

300-400 AD. Late Roman. An excellent bronze crossbow brooch, with three onion-like protrusions, an arched bow, rectangular tail and surviving pin. Some traces of incised decoration and gilding are still visible on the bow. Crossbow brooches, used for fastening cloaks were an international late Roman type, and were often worn by men in positions of authority, in the military or civil bureaucracy, but also by women. A famous ivory diptych, now Monza, Italy, depicts Stilicho, the head of the Western Roman military under the Emperor Honorius in the years around 400 AD, along with his wife, Serena, and son, Eucherios. Both Stilicho and Eucherios wear crossbow brooches to fasten the cloaks on their right shoulders, indicating the importance of this type of dress accessory for those in positions of authority. This beautiful item may have belonged to a Roman military officer or another important official. Excellent condition. Size: L:83mm / W:51mm ; 65.9g; Provenance: From the private collection of a Somerset gentleman; previously in an old British collection, formed in the 1990s on the UK /European art markets.

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ca. 1200-800 BC, Greek Archaic Period.A bronze spearhead with an elongated trianglular, lentoid sectioned blade, raised midri

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 25

ca. 1200-800 BC, Greek Archaic Period.A bronze spearhead with an elongated trianglular, lentoid sectioned blade, raised midrib and a very short tang. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Superb condition, on a custom-made stand.Size: L:160mm / W:25mm ; 33g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1990s.

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c. 1-200 AD. Roman. A bronze comprising a suspension loop connecting to a shaft with a glans delineated by incised decoration

Pax Romana Auctions

Lot 250

c. 1-200 AD. Roman. A bronze comprising a suspension loop connecting to a shaft with a glans delineated by incised decoration at one end, testes suspended below the middle of the pendant and a closed hand at the other end. Phallic charms were ubiquitous in Roman culture and relate to the fascinus or fascinum which was the embodiment of the divine phallus. The word can refer to the deity himself (Fascinus), to phallus effigies and amulets, and to the spells used to invoke his divine protection against evil. The “hand and phallus” variant was particularly popular among soldiers, and the closed had is known as the manus fica or "fig sign", a symbol of good luck. Excellent Condition. Wearable; on modern necklace. Size: L:20mm / W:43mm ; 15.5g; Provenance: From the private collection of a South London art professional; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market in the 1980s.

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