20th-mid 17th century BC. An anthropomorphic terracotta lamp, boat-shaped and with curved base, the side walls with peaked front and raised back with a stylised human face with wide arched eyebrows joining at the centre with a straight nose, prominent circular eyes; conical projection at the top.See Smith, R.H., 'The Household Lamps of Palestine in Old Testament Times' in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 27, No.1, Feb, 1964, pp.1-31, fig.1, for the same typology without the raised back.205 grams, 13cm (5"). Property of a gentleman from Jerusalem; previously in an old Israeli collection; accompanied by a copy of Israeli export permit number 44007.This singular lamp belongs to the Middle Bronze Age IIa period. Its stylised face can be compared with terracotta bird face idols related to the period of the early Hittite invasion in Syria and in Canaan. The lamp shape can be compared with the Canaanite lamps of the period. When the chariot warriors and city-builders of the early 2nd millennium BC arrived in Canaan, they fashioned a simpler lamp by putting a single spout on one side of a bowl. The development of the saucer lamp through the Middle and Late Bronze Ages consisted mainly of the evolution of the spout into an increasingly large and well-defined feature of the lamp. For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Fine condition, repaired.
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Middle Kingdom, circa 1850 BC. A flat bronze multi-tanged cutting eye-axehead, with three tangs having holes for the fastening to the haft by small nails or with cord, one part of the blade incised with hieroglyphic symbols.Cf. for the iconography Hall, H.L., Hieroglyphic texts from Egyptian stelae etc., in the British Museum, London, 1914, Part 5, Pl.7, BM inv. no.EA1147; Stilmann, N., Tallis, N., Armies to ancient Near East, 3000 to 539BC, Worthing, 1984, fig.8, p.94; for a parallel cf. Flinders Petrie, W., Tools and Weapons, British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 22nd Year, 1916, UC, 1917, pl.VI, nos.164-167.178 grams, 19.5cm (7 3/4"). Property of a gentleman from Jerusalem; previously in an old Israeli collection; accompanied by a copy of Israeli export permit number 43725.Egyptian soldiers (ahauty) of Middle Kingdom represented in the tomb painting from the grave of Djehutyhotep at Deir el-Bersha are wielding this type of eye-axeheads. The shaft to which the axeheads are attached is furnished with a hand-guard. This traditional Egyptian axe (metnit) had a round or semi-circular blade of copper lashed to a wood staff. By the First Intermediate Period, when territorial conflicts and civil wars arose within Egypt, a new crescent-shaped axe blade made of bronze was devoted specifically to the fight. The design increased the length of the cutting edge, making the weapon more lethal. For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Fine condition.
1st millennium BC or later. A bronze idol, probably representing Piravend, modelled as a standing nude female figure with legs placed hip-width apart, arms held out from the body and bent upwards at the elbow, pinched face with hooked nose, small gold(?) circular eyes and broad mouth, decorated headdress or cropped hair, with prominent breasts and vulva; free-running sheet-bronze fitting wrapped around the waist, with flat body tapering towards one terminal, the other end expanding into a round-section coiled loop.See The British Museum, museum number 174303, for a broadly comparable object.57 grams, 75mm (3"). From an important London W1, gallery; previously acquired 1970s-1980s. [No Reserve] Fine condition.
17th-18th century AD. A larger than life-size bronze and gilt statue left hand of Buddha, with long, slender fingers held together and palm facing outwards, each finger bearing a ring with double quatrefoil form, possibly floral, bezel to the third joints; the thumb, held in line with the fingers and lacking the tip, bearing a similar ring on the second joint; hollow-formed; mounted on a custom-made dark wood display stand.Cf. Van Beek and Tettoni, The Arts of Thailand, Hong Kong, 1986, p.150, for an illustration depicting Buddha figure with similar shape to hands and long fingers.3 kg total, 36.5cm including stand (14 1/2"). Property of a Cheshire, UK, gentleman; acquired from Friday Harbor, San Juan County, Washington, USA; formerly the property of the former owners' grandfather, who was a film producer in the 1920s and brought it back from Asia whilst filming on location. A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Fine condition.
Tang Dynasty, dated 829 AD. A gilt-bronze figure, influenced by Gandharan style, of Buddha sitting on a raised rectangular podium resting on a four-legged base, with separate flaming aureole; legs with engraved images of the donors; reverse of aureole with incised inscription, translating approximately as: a 'dedication by Zhang Hai requesting that his family remain safe' and 'offering Buddha forever', dated to '829 AD during the reign of Emperor Wenzong of Tang'.Exhibited: Out of Uddiyana. An exhibition at Tibet House New York, From the Buckingham collections, exhibit TB010, p.161; accompanied by copies of the relevant exhibition catalogue pages.293 grams, 13.5cm (5 1/4"). Acquired for the ‘Buckingham Collection’ by the late Nik Douglas (1944-2012), renowned author, curator and Asian art expert; the collection formed from the early 1960s to early 1970s; displayed at the major exhibition ‘The Buddha Image: Out of Uddiyana’, Tibet House, 22 West 15th Street, New York, 16 September-20 October 2010, extended to 16 November and again to 7 January 2011; where the collection of one hundred pieces was publicly valued at US$ 15M; this piece was scheduled to be included in an exhibition titled ‘On the Silk Route; Birth of The Buddha’, to be held in London from November 2012, but sadly his death prevented this; accompanied by copies of several press releases and articles for the exhibition, including Artnet News, This Week in New York, Huffpost, Buddhist Art News, and copies of the relevant London and Tibet House exhibition catalogue pages, which dates the piece on artistic grounds to the Early Wei period, circa 5th century AD, and a transcription of the Chinese characters inscribed on the piece; recent translation of the previously undeciphered inscription suggests a later date of 829 AD, a discrepancy which likely arose due to stylistic similarities between those dates; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10613-169029.Gandhara was a principal gateway through which Buddhism spread to China, with the connection to Gandharan Buddhist statuary and sculpture evident in the style of this piece. A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Fine condition.
Eastern Wei, 534-550 AD. A bronze statuette, likely after the Gandharan or Uddiyana style, of Shakyamuni Buddha sitting in meditation on throne with guardian lions, prominent ushnisha and loose robe; hollow-formed; mounting peg to the reverse for an aureole.See Dr. Naiki, S., Similarities and Differences in Gandharan Sculptures Among Regions, Thursday 22nd to Friday 23rd March 2018, The Geography of Gandharan Art: 2nd Workshop of the Gandhara Connections Project, Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford.Exhibited: Out of Uddiyana. An exhibition at Tibet House New York, From the Buckingham collections, exhibit TB004, p.56 & 159; accompanied by copies of the relevant exhibition catalogue pages.535 grams, 12.5cm (5"). Acquired for the ‘Buckingham Collection’ by the late Nik Douglas (1944-2012), renowned author, curator and Asian art expert; the collection formed from the early 1960s to early 1970s; displayed at the major exhibition ‘The Buddha Image: Out of Uddiyana’, Tibet House, 22 West 15th Street, New York, 16 September-20 October 2010, extended to 16 November and again to 7 January 2011; where the collection of one hundred pieces was publicly valued at US$ 15M; this piece was scheduled to be included in an exhibition titled ‘On the Silk Route; Birth of The Buddha’, to be held in London from November 2012, but sadly his death prevented this; accompanied by copies of several press releases and articles for the exhibition, including Artnet News, This Week in New York, Huffpost, Buddhist Art News, and copies of the relevant London and Tibet House exhibition catalogue pages.Gandhara was a principal gateway through which Buddhism spread to China. Academic research conducted after the death of Nik Douglas (above) explains that Gandharan sculpture has been found in neighbouring regions, such as in Uddiyana. Sculpture from the Gandharan and Uddiyana regions has similar characteristics and as a result has often remained undifferentiated. As a result of this recent research however, it is becoming more feasible to identify distinctions between the sculpture of these different regions. Fair condition.
17th-18th century AD. A bronze figure of Buddha in 13th century style, on a disc base with lotus-petal rim; Buddha seated on a low block, his legs spread and his hands raised, wearing a tight-fitting ankle-length garment.2.1 kg, 24cm (9 1/2"). Acquired for the ‘Buckingham Collection’ by the late Nik Douglas (1944-2012), renowned author, curator and Asian art expert; the collection formed from the early 1960s to early 1970s. [No Reserve] Fine condition.
5th century BC. A group of two bronze S-shaped plaques or mounts, each formed as a central wild boar flanked by the upper bodies of two stylised tigers facing in opposite directions, each feasting on a small animal; detailing to bodies, manes, heads and faces; suspension loop to the reverse.See Bunker, E.C., Ancient Bronzes of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes, New York 1997, no.175, p.227, for similar; see Bunker, E.C. et al., Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes. The Eugene V. Thaw and Other New York Collections, New York, 2002, no.149, p.166, for similar; see Wagner, M., and Butz, H., Nomadenkunst, Ordosbronzen der Ostasiatischen Kunstsammlung, Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, 2007, for similar.19.5 grams total, 42mm each (1 1/2"). Property of an English gentleman; previously in a private UK collection before 1990s. [2] Very fine condition.
5th-4th century BC. A group of bronze S-shaped garment ornaments, each formed as a double-headed beast with snake-like body and tigers' paws and heads; detailing to the bodies, ears and faces; two rectangular loops to the reverses for suspension.See Bunker, E.C., Ancient Bronzes of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes, New York 1997, no.176A, p. 228; see Jean Paul Barbier, J.P., Art des Steppes. Ornements et pièces de mobilier funéraire scytho-sibérien dans les collections du Musée Barbier-Mueller, Geneva, 1996, no.23, p.44, for similar; see Wagner, M., and Butz, H., Nomadenkunst, Ordosbronzen der Ostasiatischen Kunstsammlung, Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, 2007, p.51, no.41, for similar.34.9 grams total, 47-48mm (2"). Property of an English gentleman; previously in a private UK collection before 1990s. [4, No Reserve] Fine condition.
3rd century BC. A bronze hook in the form of a tiger attacking a doe, an animal-headed hook to the right; an attachment lug with decorated discoid head to the reverse.10.5 grams, 59mm (2 1/4"). Property of an English gentleman; previously in a private UK collection before 1990s. [No Reserve] Fine condition.
Mid 13th-14th century AD. A bronze ewer of piriform shape with flat base, the ribbed upper body tapering towards the spouted mouth, a band of inlaid geometric motifs and running animals to the shoulder; the lower body divided into eight bands decorated with geometric patterns; the two parts are separated by a knurled edge; two perforated lugs for attachment of a handle.See Ortuño, M.O., ‘Traded, then Venerated: The Fictitious Sacred Histories of Two Nasrid Vases’ in Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture, volume 6, issue 4, 2018, pp.161-184, fig.2, for a similar style ewer.310 grams, 14cm (5 1/2"). Property of a London gentleman; previously acquired on the UK art market in the 1990s; formerly in a 1980s collection.The Nasrid Dynasty, which was founded by Muhammad I al-Ghalib of Arjona (1232-73 AD), ruled Granada and the territory of al-Andalus in the Western Spain for over two hundred years and oversaw a splendid artistic patronage, visible also in the everyday objects. Examples of interlacing geometric motifs featured constantly in all decorative media in the Nasrid period. The bronze was first engraved, then covered with inlay and in some specimens, fire gilt. Fine condition.
6th-4th century BC. A bronze figure of a male wearing a calf-length robe belted at the waist, hands drawn up to the sides of the head, with stylised facial features and cap with deep brim.84 grams, 10.5cm (4"). From an important London W1, gallery; previously acquired 1970s-1980s. [No Reserve] A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Very fine condition.
Later 3rd century AD. An articulated folding tripod stand with extendable iron trellis legs, forming the support structure for a military camp table or cauldron; the upper end of each leg ornamented with a bronze female bust (Mater Castrorum or Medusa) facing outwards with long hair collected in a high propoloma, divided on the forehead and forming two lateral horns on a rectangular-section hollow mount, L-shaped bracket to the rear to support the table-top; the legs of the tripod, decorated on the external side with inlaid gilt foliage and spirals, terminating in feline paws; at the lower end of each leg, a rectangular-section collar, the bronze foot formed as a lion's head with socket above and claw beneath; the scissor-joint of each leg covered with a domed discoid bronze plate with concentric ring detail; a small hook to the sliding mechanism on one leg; offered with a glass top allowing for use as an occasional table.See Mattusch, C.C., Enduring Bronze: Ancient Art, Modern Views, Los Angeles, 2014, pp.72-73, fig.52a-b, inv. no.96.AC.203, for a similar tripod decorated with horses in the Paul Getty Museum; Wamser, L., Die Welt von Byzanz - Europas Östliches Erbe, München, 2004, fig.355, for a 6th-7th century AD Roman example.4.5 kg, 93cm (36 1/2"). From an important East Anglian arms and armour collection; acquired from a Dutch private collection in the 1990s; previously in a Swiss family collection since before 1980; accompanied by an archaeological report by military specialist Dr. Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10679-175129.Folding tripod stands are well known in the ancient world, in both Greek and Roman contexts. These folding supports for tables, bracers and cauldrons are known finds from important excavations in the Roman world, like Pompeii. The purpose of such folding stands varied; during a meal they were placed between the triclinary beds with bowls and application plates hung to the hooks at the back of the holders, here shaped as heads of a Mater Castrorum, pointing to a campaign use. A tripod with an intact bronze basin is on display at the Firenze Archaeological Museum. Some were used as supports for campaign tables during military activities, with a circular board inserted onto the pegs to lock the legs into place. Depending on their size, the width of the table frame could be changed. Roman folding tripods could also have been used in religious rituals and sacrifices. Burnt offerings and libations were offered to the gods in cauldrons that would have been attached to the hooks behind the heads on the upper section. They were also used for fire lights during military camps, or in the temples of the gods. Others were used as support frames for bronze bowls, either for washing or for ritual purposes; others formed the base for travelling altars, again often used by the military whilst on campaign. Their use continued in the Roman world at least until the 7th century AD. Fine condition, some restoration. Excessively rare.
3rd century AD. A bronze 'female-type' cavalry sports helmet mask of Medusa typology, modelled with the features of Gorgon Medusa; voluminous wavy hair intertwined in serpent-like curls and with three buns arranged like horns on the top of the head, the hair with central parting at the front; the eyes, nostrils and mouth delicately pierced; two piercings to the lower rim for attachment of the connecting straps; a slot to the top through which a fastening turning-pin secured the inner mask.Cf. Robinson, R., The Armour of Imperial Rome, New York, 1975, pls.359ff.; Garbsch, J., Römische Paraderustüngen, München, 1979; D'Amato, R., Negin, A., Decorated Roman Armour, London, 2017, figs.225ff.578 grams, 27cm (10 1/2"). From an important East Anglian arms and armour collection; acquired from a Dutch private collection in the 1990s; previously in a Swiss family collection since before 1980; accompanied by an academic report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10604-174115.The distinguishing features of this type were the division of the helmet into two parts on the ear line, and sometimes the removable central area of the mask covering the eyes and mouth. Among the large number of surviving Roman masks is a series which has been generically indicated by Robinson as 'female type' but more conveniently classified by A. Negin as Medusa mask helmets. A mask capable of being taken off at any time proves that this type of helmet could be used, not only during parades and other ceremonies, but also in combat. It is in battle that the use of masks depicting Medusa is most probable; in the heat of battle this image performed both of its functions – to protect the owner and to intimidate the enemy, with the face of the terrible Gorgon believed to be able to transform humans into stone. Masks of this type are well known from Aquincum (Austria) Madara-Shumen and Kalenik (Bulgaria), Krefeld-gellep and Weißenburg, (Germany"). One of the most beautiful specimens, also with horns on the head, is preserved and in the private collection of Plymouth, Providence Academy (Negin-D’Amato, 2017, fig.262"). A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Fine condition, restored.
3rd century AD. A bronze face-mask from a three-part sports helmet of Hedderneim or Worthing Type, Type G or H of Robinson classification; T-shaped opening with embossed edges, a band of embossed diagonal lines across the brow representing stylised hair, both cheeks with a radiating roundel and a lozengiform embossed panel to the chin, the lower edge extending to protect the throat; attachment holes for the fastening straps beneath the ears.Cf. Garbsch, J., Römische Paraderüstungen, München, 1978, item 53 (Frankfurt-Heddernheim helmet); Robinson, R., The Armour of Imperial Rome, New York, 1975; Born, H., Junkelmann, M., Römische Kampf-und Turnierrüstungen, Band VI, Sammlung Axel Guttmann, Mainz, 1997; D'Amato R., Negin, A., Decorated Roman Armour, London, 2017.212 grams, 20cm (8"). From an important East Anglian arms and armour collection; acquired from a Dutch private collection in the 1990s; previously in a Swiss family collection since before 1980; accompanied by an archaeological expertise of military specialist Dr Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10677-175128.The face-mask is part of a three-part helmet composed of a back and face-piece with a removable central area for the inner mask, which covered the wearer's eyes, nose and mouth. More precisely, it belongs to the group of helmets with a face cut-out (with and without mask) whose subtypes are the Pfrondorf, Heddernheim and Worthing types (D’Amato-Negin, 2017, pp.170,174, figs.177"). Only the face mask survives here, with its typical T-shaped opening. Although the face-guard is part of a three-part helmet comprising bowl, face-guard and mask, there is no evidence that this helmet or all of the helmets of this category were always equipped with a small inner face. The embossing of the cheek-pieces with a round spiral shows a symbol clearly connected with the worship of the sun. The solar cult was widely practiced by soldiers during the 3rd century, especially after the advent of the Severan Dynasty and the infamous kingdom of the Emperor Elagabalus. The symbol on the cheek-guard of our helmet was even adopted by a Late Roman Legion, the Constantini Dafnenses. Fine condition, some restoration.
1st century AD. A bronze dagger with box pommel and agate upper guard, iron tang, lower guard of oval shape, round quillons and square insertion point, oblong blade with a flare under the guard, possibly a gladiatorial dagger.See Miks C., Studien zur römischen Schwertbewaffnung in der Kaiserzeit, Leidorf, 2007, n.B340.82 grams, 23cm (9"). Property of a London gentleman; acquired on the London art market before 2000.This very unusual bronze blade echoes the Celtic dagger quillons, and the short daga of the gladiators in its blade and its box pommel. It is possibly a provincial variant of Celto-Roman origin, used in the gladiatorial games. Fine condition.
2nd-3rd century AD. A pair of bronze discoid horse phalerae, or military strap junctions, each with two lateral loops, rivets arranged in cross formation, and central boss with knop finial.220 grams total, 10.3-12.5cm (4 - 5"). From an Essex antiques gallery; formerly in a 1980s private collection. [2] Fine condition.
9th-7th century BC. A bronze axehead with slender crescent-shaped blade, the neck formed as a janiform feline head, a fan of feathers emerging from its open mouth; incised scalloped edge to the back edge of the blade; cylindrical shaft surmounted by a hunting scene comprising a lioness attacking a pig from behind, the lioness holding the pig down with its front paws, open jaws with exposed canines and erect tail; mounted on a custom-made stand.Cf. Christie's, The Axel Guttmann Collection of Ancient Arms and Armour, part 2, London, 2004, no.34, for a near identical specimen; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, accession no.1988.102.3, for a Luristan axe of the same typology; the Museum of Fine Arts Boston for another axe of the same typology, accession no.30.544-30.637; Khorasani, M.M., Arms and Armour from Iran. The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period, Tübingen, 2006; Khorasani, M.,M., ‘Bronze and iron weapons from Luristan’ in Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 7, 2009, for discussion.514 grams total, 18.5cm including stand (7 1/4"). Property of a gentleman from Jerusalem; previously with Hadji Baba Ancient Art, London, UK, in 2000; accompanied by a copy of Israeli export permit number 43725; accompanied by an archaeological expertise by Dr Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10590-174112.The Luristan bronze axes can be divided in the following categories: a) bronze shaft hole axes with a long shaft, sometimes decorated with ribbed bands; b) spike-butted axes with ablade left plain or ornamented with figures; c) bronze axes with leaf-shaped protuberances on the butt; d) bronze axes with figures on the blades; e) crescent-shaped axes. This last category has been analysed by Khorasani, who says ‘It is interesting that a lion’s head motif appears as a decorative feature on many axe-heads. The lion’s open jaw forms the base of the axe head, and the blade is attached to this; the lion is a symbol intended to give the weapon the strength of the most powerful beasts of the animal kingdom.' An axe in the National Museum of Teheran has, as our specimen, a base composed of the head of a lion with gaping jaws. The presence of the lion as the preferred animal for axe decoration is also attested in category (c), as visible in a specimen from Saqqiz, decorated by a statuette of a lion standing upon the straight edge of the axe’s blade (Khorasani, 2006, p.263, fig.31"). For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Very fine condition.
2nd-1st millennium BC. A bronze short sword or dagger with short tang to be inserted into an organic hilt, the blade showing multiple grooves which form a pronounced mid-rib spanning roughly three-quarters of the blade.Cf. Christie's, The Axel Guttmann Collection of Ancient Arms and Armour, part 2, London, 2004, item 36, p.33.638 grams, 48.5cm (19"). Ex Japanese private collection, formed 1970-2010.Luristan was hardly an ethnic or political entity, but the people of Luri had relations through warfare and trade with Sumerians, Lullubi, Assyrians, Babylonians and Elamites in a large time period, spanning from the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BC. The ruling elites of warrior horsemen were buried in the graves with their weapons and horses which are the main sources of the Luristan bronze weapons. Fine condition.
Late 2nd-mid 1st millennium BC. A bronze dagger with prominently curved or winged guard, extending out from the ricasso and partly framing the tang, once covered by an organic hilt; the thick midrib extending slightly above the ricasso.Cf. Muscarella, O.W., Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1988, item 165, for type.198 grams, 45cm (18"). Ex Japanese private collection, formed 1970-2010.Many examples of these blades have been excavated in the South Caspian area at Ghalekuti, and in the area of Talish. They have been found primarily in Iron Age graves, although the curves of the guards are reminiscent of the barbed arrow and javelin heads associated with Bronze Age Marlik. This is why some scholars (Dyson) dated them to the second millennium BC and others (Muscarella) to the recent Iron Age. It is possible that this style represents continuity from the Bronze to the Iron Age. [No Reserve] Fine condition.
Mid 12th-9th century BC. A bronze dagger with lentoid-section blade tapering to a rounded point, raised median panel, hilt with shallow socket to each side to receive wood or bone scales, serrated edges.Cf. Khorasani, M.M., Arms and Armour from Iran. The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period, Tübingen, 2006, item 8, for type; Musee' Cernuschi, Bronzes de Luristan, enigmes de l'Iran Ancien, IIIe-Ier millenaire av. J.C., Paris, 2008, cat.26, p.84.390 grams, 37.5cm (14 3/4"). Property of a London collector; from her family's private collection; formerly with a London gallery; acquired in the 1990s.This type of weapon is common among daggers and dirks attributed to Luristan. The dating of these flanged daggers can be done in a precise way, thanks to the inscriptions and the results of the excavations. Another index for dating is the length of the weapons, in this period ranging between 30 and 40 cm. Fine condition.
10th century BC. A bronze dirk with flanged hilt and crescent pommel, two angular indentations visible on each side of the guard; the triangular blade tapering to the sharp point.Cf. Khorasani, M.M., Arms and Armour from Iran - The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period, Tübingen, 2006, p.379, item 9.373 grams, 41.5cm (16 1/4"). Ex Japanese private collection, formed 1970-2010.The dirk belongs to the type I of the Medvedskaya classification, a type of weapon very common among Luristan daggers. Its main characteristic is the flanged hilt, destined to receive the bone inlays forming the organic components of the handle. Fine condition.
14th-10th century BC. A bronze short sword or dagger with slender triangular blade, low midrib with flat upper face, annular guard and scooped shoulders, columnar grip with three gusseted hoops, crescent pommel; mounted on a custom-made stand.Cf. Khorasani, M.M., Arms and Armour from Iran. The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period, Tübingen, 2006, items 42, 43.1.1 kg total, 54cm including stand (21 1/4"). Property of a Kensington gentleman; acquired from a private Austrian collection in 1993; the collection formed between 1968-1980; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10685-174370. Fine condition.
13th-6th century BC. A substantial bronze cudgel with tubular body, ribbed collar, flared rim and rows of raised bosses on a segmented field; mounted on a custom-made stand.Cf. Moorey, P.R.S., Ancient Bronzes From Luristan, London, 1974, items 95-96.655 grams total, 23cm including stand (9"). Property of a London gentleman; acquired on the London art market before 2000. Fine condition.
9th-11th century AD. A set of small gilt-bronze bridle and harness mounts comprising: seventy-six rectangular plates each with pellets to the edges, segmented design; thirty larger rectangular plates each with pelletted bands to the edges, reserved central cross with piriform panels in the spandrels; thirty rosette plates; six rectangular bars each with a mounting slot to one edge; six rectangular bars each with a ring to one edge; seven heater-shaped plates with billets to the edges, one with a mounting slot and another with a ring; two clusters each of four bosses with collars; nine square plates with reserved central disc; two tongue-shaped bars with segmented faces; a cruciform strap distributor with pierced arms, central dome with male mask, mounting ring beneath the chin.Cf. Arbman, H., Birka I: Die Gräber, Uppsala, 1940, plates 88-91, for similar sets of mounts.185 grams total, 7-40mm (1/4 - 1 1/2"). Property of a European gentleman living in London; from his grandfather's collection by descent in 1989; formerly in the family collection since at least the 1970s; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10728-175192. [169] Fine condition, cleaned and conserved.
17th century AD. A complete iron rapier with swept hilt, openwork bilobate knuckle bow and basket hilt, the platform over the ricasso partially preserved with ventilation holes; short tang with bronze wire wrapping for the hilt and pear-shaped pommel.Cf. Leahy, K., Lewis, M., Finds identified London, 2018, p.331, no SF-1FD852, for an identical basket hilt.1 kg, 1m (39 1/4"). Property of a Suffolk gentleman; previously in an old UK collection.The idea of a basket hilt to protect the hand came to England and then to Scotland, from the Scandinavian and German sword makers. Basket hilt swords are known in England during the Civil War period (circa 1640), and are characterised by offering a complete protection for the hand. They are believed to have been in use from the mid 16th century and continued to be used until the mid 18th century. Fine condition.
2nd century BC-1st century AD. A substantial bronze figure in the form of a standing wild boar or pig, with body tapering towards the back legs, tail indicated, tall mane, broad neck and cylindrical snout, nostrils indicated, raised eyes and erect ears.See Foster, J., Bronze Boar Figures In Iron Age and Roman Britain, Oxford, 1977, p.12, fig. 6, for a similar boar.125 grams, 65mm (2 1/2"). Property of a Hertfordshire, UK, gentleman; acquired from a London gallery; previously on the London art market in the 1990s; reputedly found Faversham, Kent, UK, prior to 1960. A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Fine condition.
8th-6th century BC. A substantial bronze neck-ring of 'kronenhalsring' type with horizontal ribbed bands to the outer face, row of raised 'teeth' to the upper edge, hinged fastener with knopped pin; mounted on a custom-made stand.See Rauchfuss, B., Die Kronenhalsringe der Vorrömischen Eisenzeit in Nord- und Osteuropa, Berlin, 2002; Adler, W., Der Halsring von Männern und Göttern. Schriftquellen, bildliche Darstellungen und Halsringfunde aus West-, Mittel- und Osteuropa zwischen Hallstatt- und Völkerungwanderungszeit Bonn, 2003; Macia?owicz, A., It's a man's world... Germanic societies of the Jastorf and the Przeworsk cultures in southern and central Poland (300 BC –10 AD), Warsaw, 2016.1.1 kg total, 22cm including stand (8 3/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10700-175087. A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Very fine condition. Rare.
8th-6th century BC. A bronze bracelet or arm band produced from a single piece of metal arranged into a column of coils; from the base upwards, the initial coils are formed with a twisted round-section body, broadening into flat-section coils with a raised medial rib to the external face.306 grams, 15cm (6"). Property of an Austrian private collector since the 1970s. For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Fine condition.
1st millennium BC. A bronze axehead with ellipsoidal collared socket, facetted loop, flared cutting edge and V-shaped facet to each face, flanked by two chevrons.205 grams, 95mm (3 3/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Very fine condition.
1st millennium BC. A bronze axehead with ellipsoidal collared socket, facetted loop, flared cutting edge and V-shaped facet to each face, flanked by two chevrons.230 grams, 95mm (3 3/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Very fine condition.
9th-11th century AD. A brooch and necklace assemblage comprising: a matched pair of bronze tortoise brooches each with a shallow dome bearing low-relief zoomorphic ornament, narrow flange, transverse bar and catch to the reverse; attached double-link chain suspended between two trefoil pendants with attached chains supporting an axehead amulet, an ear-scoop, a pendant with addorsed horse-heads and dangles to the lower edge, an equal-arm brooch, a latch-lifter, a fire steel, a male mask amulet; separate restrung necklace of glass and other spacer beads with rock-crystal cylindrical beads and gold-in-glass drum-shaped beads, three rock crystal cabochons in silver frames.Cf. Ewing, T., Viking Clothing, Stroud, 2007, p.25; Arbman, H., Birka I: Die Gräber, Uppsala, 1940, pl.62; MacGregor, A. et al., A Summary Catalogue of the Continental Archaeological Collections, Oxford, 1997, item 4.1.435 grams total, 8-84.5cm (3 - 33 1/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10712-175093.Female costume in the early middle ages in northern Europe usually included a pair of brooches worn high on the chest with a swag of beads slung between them and attachment chains or cords from which were suspended various tools (needle-case, ear-scoop, nail-cleaner, shears) and amulets. The purpose of the pins was to fasten the shoulder-straps of the hangeroc, a pinafore dress, to the kirtle beneath. [4] Fine condition.
9th-12th century AD. A bronze pendant with the body formed as a pair of horse-heads in profile, with low-relief detailing, loop between the shoulders, six rings to the lower edge each with a short chain and lozengiform dangle; accompanied by a custom-made display stand.Literature Cf. Golubeva, L.A., Zoomorfniye Ukrasheniia Finno-Ugrov, Moscow, 1979, pl.6, item 4, for similar.310 grams total, 21cm including stand (8 1/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
10th-12th century AD. A bifacial bronze pendant with body formed as a pair of horse-heads in profile, with low-relief detailing, loop between the shoulders, six rings to the lower edge each with a chain and webbed-foot dangle; accompanied by a custom-made display stand.Cf. Golubeva, L.A., Zoomorfniye Ukrasheniia Finno-Ugrov, Moscow, 1979, pl.6, item 4, for type.275 grams total, 21cm including stand (8 1/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
10th-12th century AD. A bronze pendant with openwork rectangular body comprising horizontal rows of geometric motifs and low-relief ropework detailing, six rings to the lower edge, each with a short coiled figure-of-eight loop and webbed-foot dangle; two suspension loops to the reverse; accompanied by a custom-made stand.Cf. Golubeva, L.A., Zoomorfniye Ukrasheniia Finno-Ugrov, Moscow, 1979, pl.6, item 4, for similar.233 grams total, 20cm including stand (8"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
10th-12th century AD. A bronze horse-shaped pendant with eight legs, possibly representing the mythical horse Sleipnir, body of low-relief chevrons between borders, tripartite ropework suspension loop with domed discoid terminal above, two suspension loops to the body and four clusters of coiled columns with loops, each with a spherical dangle with opening; accompanied by a custom-made display stand. Cf. Golubeva, L.A., Zoomorfniye Ukrasheniia Finno-Ugrov, Moscow, 1979, pl.6, item 4, for type.212 grams total, 20cm including stand (8"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
10th-12th century AD. A bronze discoid brooch with openwork bands of geometric motifs, ribbed rectangular plaque at the apex with four applied coils, suspension loop to the central rim, with articulate tongue, eight loops to the lower edge, each with double figure-of-eight coiled loop and duck's foot dangle; accompanied by a custom-made display stand.Cf. Golubeva, L.A., Zoomorfniye Ukrasheniia Finno-Ugrov, Moscow, 1979, pl.6, item 4, for type.213 grams total, 19.5cm including stand (7 3/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
9th-12th century AD. A bronze figure of a standing male with legs bent outwards, erect penis gripped by the hands, elongated head with pellet eyes, moustache and headdress; mounted on a custom-made stand.See discussion in Price, N., 'What's in a name? An archeological identity crisis for the Norse gods (and some of their friends)' in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K., Raudvere, C. (eds.), Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions, Lund, 2006.92 grams total, 70mm including stand (2 3/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960.The figure is dated to the Viking Age and has an erect penis, so it is assumed to be the god Freyr. This is due to an 11th century description (Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum ) of a phallic Freyr statue in the temple at Uppsala, Sweden, but the identification is uncertain. It has also been suggested that the figure might be a gaming piece, although it is not free-standing and thus would have needed to be supported for that use. If it is the image of a god, it could be a small, devotional statuette of a type mentioned in Old Norse sagas, similar to the Freyr figurine from Rällinge, Sweden, or the bronze seated figure from Eyrarland, Iceland. Fine condition.
9th-12th century AD. A bronze appliqué mask with raised lentoid eyes, triangular nose and small mouth, surmounted by the head of a hawk; mounted on a custom-made stand.Cf. Sedov, B.B., Finno-Ugri i Balti v Epokhi Srednevekovija, Moscow, 1987, plate LXXXIX, for type.165 grams total, 16cm including stand (6 1/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
9th-12th century AD. A bronze mount formed as a facing figure with ropework border to the face, arms held across the chest; pierced at the ears for attachment; mounted on a custom-made stand.Cf. Sedov, B.B., Finno-Ugri i Balti v Epokhi Srednevekovija, Moscow, 1987, plate LXXXII, item 3.260 grams total, 18cm including stand (7"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
10th-13th century AD. A bronze appliqué or pendant comprising two leaf-shaped facing figures each with fishtail hands and feet, scaphoid head with lentoid eyes and overlapping scales to the brow; hollow-formed.Cf. Finno-Ugrian male-female pendant in Sedov, B.B., Finno-Ugri i Balti v Epokhi Srednevekovija, Moscow, 1987, plate LXXXII, item 4, for type.16.1 grams, 53mm (2"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Very fine condition.
9th-11th century AD. A bronze Scandinavian amulet pendant formed as the foreparts of two addorsed canines, possibly the wolves Skoll and Hati; children of Fenrir, who was in turn the son of the god Loki.22.2 grams, 48mm (2"). From a private German collector in Munich; previously acquired in Europe in the late 1980s. For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Very fine condition.
10th-12th century AD. A bronze brooch comprising a conical hoop with beaded base and rim, small bronze pin, bands of vertical punchmarks; to the lower edge an arc of latticework with pellet ornament developing to two loops and lateral rails joined by a horizontal suspension bar.Cf. Sedov, B.B., Finno-Ugri i Balti v Epokhi Srednevekovija, Moscow, 1987, tables XX, and LI, for development of the type.36 grams, 56mm (2 1/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960.The brooch incorporates the hoop and securing pin and an ornamental plaque beneath with loops and bar from which chains were suspended supporting duck-foot and other pendants. [No Reserve] Fine condition.
6th century AD. A female brooch and bead assemblage comprising: a matched pair of gilt bronze bow brooches, each a D-shaped headplate with seven radiating knops, beaded border and scroll panel, shallow bow, triangular footplate with lateral bands of bird-heads, geometric panel and facing-mask finial, ferrous pin with pin lugs and catch to the reverse; restrung group of graduated glass beads with marvered trail and other decoration.See Beck, H. et al., Fibel und Fibeltracht, Berlin, 2000, for discussion; Heynoswki, R., Bestimmungsbuch Archaeologie: Fibeln, Munich, 2012, type 3.24.2.3.230 grams total, 10-23cm (4 - 9"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10726-175113. [3] Fine condition.
6th-7th century AD. A bronze bow brooch comprising a rectangular headplate with integral flanges and border of Style I animal ornament, central pierced-lozenge motif; the bow shallow with three vertical bands and central roundel; the footplate square with similar motif, zoomorphic lappets and transverse ribbed band; the finial a triangular panel with raised boss eyes, addorsed birds to the edges and pelta-shaped finial; to the reverse, two pin lugs and catchplate.Cf. similar brooch from Darlington in MacGregor, A. & Bolick, E., A Summary Catalogue of the Anglo-Saxon Collections (Non-Ferrous Metals), item 12.35; lozengiform motifs also appear on the square-headed brooch from Linton Heath (Suffolk) in Hines, J., A New Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches, item 113.66 grams, 14cm (5 1/2"). Found Suffolk, UK. Extremely fine condition. Excessively rare type, probably unique.
10th-12th century AD. A gilt-bronze kolt temple pendant with hinged hoop, D-shaped body with champ-levé enamelled ornament to both faces, a dog advancing left to one face and another facing right to the other.See Pekarska, L., Jewellery from Princely Kiev and Byzantine Influence, in Entwistle, C. & Adams, N., Intelligible Beauty, Recent Research into Byzantine Jewellery, London, 2010.9 grams, 26mm (1"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
10th-12th century AD. A bronze kolt temple pendant with hinged hoop, D-shaped body with champ-levé enamelled ornament to both faces, one an advancing bird with raised tail, the other a floral crescent.See Pekarska, L., Jewellery from Princely Kiev and Byzantine Influence, item 2, in Entwistle, C. & Adams, N., Intelligible Beauty, Recent Research into Byzantine Jewellery, London, 2010.12.6 grams, 30mm (1 1/4"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960. Fine condition.
6th century AD. A gilt bronze button brooch of Avent's Class A(ii) with flange to the rim, inner collar, central helmetted mask with scaphoid mouth; remains of lug and catch to the reverse.See Avent, R. & Evison, V.I., Anglo-Saxon Button Brooches in Archaeologia, vol.CVII, 1982, p.79.2.4 grams, 16mm (3/4"). Property of a West Sussex, UK, gentleman; found by his grandfather in West Sussex in the early 1990s.Avent's Classes A(i) and (ii) differ mainly in the details of the mouth. Very fine condition.
10th-11th century AD. A gilt-bronze discoid appliqué with a fantastic bird standing left, head arched backwards and breathing fire, enclosed within a circular border, all in relief.14.6 grams, 45mm (1 3/4"). From the private collection of a London antiquarian; acquired on the London art market in the 1980s. Fine condition.
7th century AD. A gilt-silver disc-shaped brooch with quadrilobe design formed from interlaced lines with four 'eyes' and four pellet-in-annulet features, within a beaded border; the reverse with pin, catchplate and two further loops, through one of which a silver wire with twisted joint ring runs.Cf. MacGregor, A. et al., A Summary Catalogue of the Continental Archaeological Collections (Roman Iron Age, Migration Period, Early Medieval), Oxford, 1997, item 2.2; Metropolitan museum of Art, New York, accession number: 53.48.6.29.3 grams, 66mm (2 1/2"). From a central London collection; previously in a European collection formed 1979-1989.This Scandinavian Vendel period brooch precedes the Viking Era both in history and art style, as we can observe the use of box and disc brooches in both eras. There were lively contacts with continental Europe, and the Scandinavians continued to export iron, fur and slaves; in return they acquired art and innovations, such as the stirrup. Some of the riches were probably acquired through the control of mining districts and the production of iron. The rulers had troops of mounted elite warriors with costly armour, since their graves were found with stirrups and saddle ornaments of birds of prey in gilded bronze with encrusted garnets. The geometric and interlaced pattern was popular especially in Scandinavia, although we can find ornaments with similar motifs among continental Germanic people. Abstractly designed brooches like this were fashionable until larger and more massive Viking oval and drum brooches replaced them. [No Reserve] A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Very fine condition.
18th century AD or earlier. A bronze head of Victory, hollow to the reverse, with flowing locks of hair swept back, diadem with scroll detailing, slender twisted torc to the neck; the pupils of the eyes reamed and filled with black glass; mounted on a custom-made wooden stand.2.4 kg total, 29.3cm including stand (11 1/2"). Property of a Hertfordshire, UK, gentleman; acquired from J. Hruby, Vienna, in 1975. Fine condition.
16th century AD. A box composed of bronze repoussé panels variously depicting two crowned double-headed eagles with 'M' on breast, surrounded by stars within roundels and floriate edge borders to the hinged lid; similar identical eagle to each panel of the ends; frieze of four standing figures within arches to front panel including nimbate Saint John Evangelist, nimbate Christ, a mitred archbishop, perhaps representing the local main Saint, and a nimbate armoured saint with pseudo-classical Roman armour and crossed flag, possibly representing St George; the panels which are believed to be French are fixed to a rectangular wood casket and fabric linings of 19th century date, with lock without key.See similar style plaques on a casket from France in the Metropolitan Museum of Arts, accession no.41.100.194.1.7 kg, 27.5 x 17 x 16cm (10 3/4 x 6 3/4 x 6 1/4"). From the private collection of an Oxfordshire, UK, gentleman; previously from the private property of a Dulwich school academic; formerly in a private museum collection; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10650-174163.As was typical in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the line between religious and secular subject matter is fine. Here, an imperial symbol - the eagle - is represented alongside Jesus and the saints. The style is certainly French, as shown on a similar casket from the 14th century in the MET. However, the form of the figures is clearly later, pointing to a date after the first half of the 16th century. If so, the bishop represented could be the French Patron, Saint Denis. Inside the lid of this casket is the letter 'M' inside a crowned eagle, relating to the original royal or noble owner or donor. A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Fine condition.
8th-6th century BC. A bronze figure of a horse modelled standing with long body, thick neck, head held forwards and partial remains of a rider's legs at the base of the neck; accompanied by a custom-made display stand.580 grams total, 12.5cm including stand (5"). From an important collection, London, UK, 1970-1999; thence by descent. [No Reserve] Fair condition.
5th-4th century BC. A bronze handled mirror comprising a discoid plaque with raised rim, a bifacial fluted columnar handle surmounted by a standing animal, possibly a panther with round, dished ears, large muzzle and curled tail; mounted on a custom-made stand.Cf. Trofimova, A., Greeks on the Black Sea: Ancient Art from the Hermitage, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007, item 29j; Leypunskaya, N. A., Olbian-Scythian Trade: Exchange Issues in the Sixth to Fourth Centuries BC, Oxford, 2007.2.28 kg total, 43cm including stand (18 1/2"). From the family collection of a UK gentleman, by descent in the early 1970s; previously acquired before 1960; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10701-175088.The 'Olbian type' mirror takes its name from the Greek colony of Olbia, a port on the Black Sea, which enjoyed close commercial links with the neighbouring Scythian territories. Olbian mirrors form an important element in this trade network, although whether the craftsmen who made them were Scythians or Greeks working in Scythian style for the Black Sea market is still undecided. The animal ornament of the mirrors reproduces the zoomorphic art used elsewhere by the Scythian élite. A video of this lot is available to view at TimeLine Auctions website. Fine condition.
5th century BC-1st century AD. A group of three bronze ex-voto horse and rider statuette pairs; each pair is distinctive, comprising a two-part composition with horse modelled with one leg raised in an advancing posture; riders modelled in seated positions, arms outstretched: one pair with seated rider wearing tunic with decorated belt, right hand raised in invocation and dish in left hand, detailing to hair, face and genitals; horse with one raised foreleg, short tail and incised details to neck; one pair with horse with annulet detailing to neck, short tail and textured mane; rider with flared tunic, details to tunic, hair and face and arms outstretched; one pair with horse with headpiece, full, textured mane, circular motifs around base of neck, longer outstretched tail and indication of hooves; rider with flared tunic, detailing to hair and face, with pronounced eyes and nose, arms outstretched, holding a dish(?) in the left.Cf. Rolland, H., Bronzes Antiques de Haute Provence, Paris, 1965, items 116, 246, for comparable examples.125 grams total, 38-61mm (1 1/2 - 2 1/2"). Property of an Austrian private collector; formerly with Hermann Historica, Munich, Auction 64, lot 3375; before that in a private collection, Vienna, 1980s.Such figures were used in early Thracian horseman cult rituals, and as ex-voto offerings. [6] For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Fine condition.
5th century BC-1st century AD. A mixed group of three bronze ex-voto horse and rider figurines; each pair is distinctive, comprising a two-part composition with horse modelled with one leg raised in an advancing posture; riders modelled in seated positions, arms outstretched: one with details to the horse's eyes, ears, mane and tail, circular motifs around the base of the neck; rider wearing a breastplate(?) with cropped and textured hair, details to face, both arms held in front of the body; one pair with horse with slender neck, annulet eye, textured mane, short tail and detailing to hooves; rider with knees slightly bent and detailing to hair and one arm; one pair with horse with short head, thick neck and long tail; rider with flared tunic, broad head, right arm held above the head, left outstretched before the body, incised facial details.Cf. Rolland, H., Bronzes Antiques de Haute Provence, Paris, 1965, items 116, 246, for comparable examples.90 grams total, 40-53mm (1 1/2 - 2"). Property of an Austrian private collector; formerly with Hermann Historica, Munich, Auction 64, lot 3375; before that in a private collection, Vienna, 1980s.Such figures were used in early Thracian horseman cult rituals and in a variety of ex-voto contexts. [6] For this specific lot, 5% import VAT is applicable on the hammer price Fine condition.
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