A GEORGE III EBONISED BRACKET CLOCK WITH TRIP-HOUR REPEATJ. DUMBELL, PRESCOT, CIRCA 1800The five pillar twin chain fusee bell striking movement with anchor escapement regulated by lenticular bob pendulum, the 6 inch break-arch cream painted Roman numeral dial signed J. DUMBELL, PRESCOT to centre and with Arabic quarters beyond the dot minute track, with pierced steel hands and raised gilt leafy floral spray panel decorated spandrels beneath subsidiary STRIKE/SILENT selection dial flanked by conforming decoration to arch, the ebonised break-arch case with hinged brass carrying handle over complex top mouldings and hinged glazed front incorporating brass fillet insert to the glazed dial aperture, the sides with arched brass fish scale sound frets and the flush rear with arch glazed door set within the frame of the case, on cavetto moulded skirt base with brass ogee bracket feet.35.5cm (14ins) high with handle down, 24cm (9.5ins) wide, 18cm (7ins) deep. The present clock was probably made by Joseph Dumbell who is recorded in Baillie, G.H. Watchmakers & Clockmakers of the World as working in Liverpool 1800-29.Condition Report: Movement is in working condition with no visible evidence of alteration or noticeable replacements; the backplate shows evidence (threaded hole) of having a pendulum holdfast clip fitted which is no longer present (pendulum rod also has corresponding evidence). Although it is in working order a gentle clean/service is advised. The dial retains old/original surface with overall slightly uneven yellowing and faint crazing. The black numerals have been strengthened and there are a few touched-in chips around to the centre. The dial and movement are original to the case.The case is generally in sound original condition with nice old surface patination. The curved top is free from shrinkage cracking however there is a filled chip to the horizontal section abutting the base of the arch to the left-hand side (a minor fault). The mask around the dial (behind the front door) has a small veneer patch repair to the lower left-hand corner of the arch. The rear door has a replaced lock otherwise both doors retain their original locks and hinges. The front door has what appears to be a casting fault to the lower left-hand corner of the brass fillet mouldings. The lower rail of the rear door has been re-veneered and the glass is a replacement. The sides have relatively minor shrinkage cracks and the left has a small veneer chip to the arch of the fret. The base of the case has had slips of oak screwed to each side of the baseboard (just behind the skirt) to strengthen the panel due to a left-to right shrinkage crack; the rear edge also has a similar thinner strip attached. The rear right hand corner of the skirting has a veneer patch.Clock has pendulum and a key for the rear door but no front door key or winder. Condition Report Disclaimer
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Y A GEORGE IV BRASS INLAID ROSEWOOD BRACKET CLOCK WITH TRIP-HOUR REPEATGRANT, LONDON, CIRCA 1825The eight-day five pillar twin fusee bell striking movement with shouldered plates and anchor escapement regulated by lenticular bob pendulum, the backplate with pendulum holdfast beneath signature GRANT, Fleet Street, London, the 8 inch circular convex cream painted Roman numeral dial further signed GRANT, FLEET STREET, LONDON to centre and with steel moon hands set behind a hinged convex glazed cast brass bezel, the case with brass pineapple finial to the stepped hipped 'chamfer-top' superstructure and cavetto top moulding incorporating fluted frieze, over recessed brass fillet edged quadrant panels to the fascia around the dial flanked by brass inset canted angles, the sides with foliate ring handles over rectangular brass fish scale sound frets, the rear with rectangular glazed door set within the frame of the case, the skirt base with fluted band above the cushion top moulding over line inlaid front panel and brass ball feet.48cm (19ins) high including finial, 28.5cm (11.25ins) wide, 17cm (6.75ins) deep. Provenance: Property removed from 8 Great Pulteney Street, Bath. John Grant junior is recorded in Baillie, G.H. Watchmakers & Clockmakers of the World as working from Fleet Street 1817-67. His father of the same name (1781-1810) was an exceptional clockmaker, described by Cedric Jagger as 'one of the finest of the London clockmakers at the end of the 18th Century' (see Jagger, Cedric Royal Clocks, pages. 101-103.); he was apprenticed to his uncle, Alexander Cumming (1733-1814), and it is possible they may have been in business together at some point.Condition Report: The movement is in fine clean working condition with no visible evidence of alteration or noticeable replacements. The dial retains old/original surface; the numerals and black text appear to have been 'strengthened' (overpainted). There is evidence of sensitive touching-up of scratches to the dial centre, also to chips around the winding holes and to the edge of the disc. The case is generally in very original condition with no significant faults; the surface is a little dry/faded and the brass elements have patchy discolouration/oxidation. On closer examination some well-executed restoration to the veneer overlaps bordering the brass side frets and to the lip of the rear door can be seen.Clock has pendulum and a winding key but no case key. Condition Report Disclaimer
Y A FINE GEORGE IV BRASS INLAID ROSEWOOD SMALL LIBRARY MANTEL TIMEPIECE WITH FIRED ENAMEL DIALGRANT, LONDON, CIRCA 1825The eight-day four pillar single chain fusee movement with bottle-shaped plates and anchor escapement regulated by lenticular bob pendulum, the backplate with pendulum holdfast beneath signature GRANT, Fleet Street, LONDON, the 4 inch circular convex white enamel Roman numeral dial further signed GRANT, FLEET STREET, LONDON to centre and with fine looped blued steel spade hands set behind a hinged convex glazed cast brass bezel, the case with stepped hipped 'chamfer-top' superstructure and cavetto moulded cushion top moulding incorporating fluted frieze, over recessed brass fillet edged quadrant panels to the fascia around the dial flanked by brass canted angles, the sides with twin cornucopia ring handles over rectangular brass fish scale sound frets, the rear with rectangular glazed door set within the frame of the case, the skirt base with brass bordered fluted upper moulding over line inlaid front panel and brass ball feet.24cm (9.5ins) high, 16cm (6.25ins) wide, 9.5cm (3.75ins) deep. Provenance: Property removed from 8 Great Pulteney Street, Bath. John Grant junior is recorded in Baillie, G.H. Watchmakers & Clockmakers of the World as working from Fleet Street 1817-67. His father of the same name (1781-1810) was an exceptional clockmaker, described by Cedric Jagger as 'one of the finest of the London clockmakers at the end of the 18th Century' (see Jagger, Cedric Royal Clocks, pages. 101-103.); he was apprenticed to his uncle, Alexander Cumming (1733-1814), and it is possible they may have been in business together at some point.Condition Report: The movement is in fine clean working condition with no visible evidence of alteration or noticeable replacements except for the pendulum holdfast screw. The enamel dial is in fine condition with no visible faults. The case is generally in very good condition; there is a slight bump to the front right hand corner of the top moulding and a small veneer patch repair just below the bezel clasp to the left hand side. The base has had some restoration to the brass stringing at the front and the left hand side of the skirt has been replaced - this replacement is 'adequate' but not the best work so may benefit from being re-done. The ripple moulding bordering the skirt has also seen some attention. The brass fittings are tarnished/discoloured otherwise faults to the case are very much limited to minor bumps, scuffs and shrinkage commensurate with age.Timepiece is complete with pendulum, winder and a case key. Condition Report Disclaimer
A FINE REGENCY BRASS MOUNTED EBONISED QUARTER-CHIMING BRACKET CLOCK WITH INTEGRAL WALL BRACKETJOHN THWAITES AND COMPANY, CIRCA 1813The substantial six pillar triple chain fusee movement chiming the quarters on a graduated nest of eight bells and sounding the hour on a further larger bell, with anchor escapement regulated by lenticular bob pendulum swinging within the wall bracket beneath and scroll border engraved backplate boldly signed John Thwaites & Co., Clerkenwell, London to centre, the frontplate stamped with serial number 5097 to lower right hand corner, the 8 inch slightly convex cream painted Roman numeral dial signed John Thwaites & Co. Clerkenwell, LONDON to centre, with minute track to outer margin and pierced steel hands, the ebonised break-arch case with hinged carrying handle to the brass fillet edged single pad top over slender complex cornice moulding and opening front incorporating crescent-shaped scroll pieced brass fret above convex glazed cast circular bezel to the dial aperture and conforming lower quadrant frets with raised half-round moulded surrounds, the sides with arched brass fish scale frets, the rear with arch glazed panel door set within the frame of the case, on cavetto moulded skirt base resting on original wall bracket with complex moulded border to the table over brass bound frieze incorporating a lock to secure the removable inverted concave section beneath terminating with an ogee moulded foot.The clock 40.5cm (16ins) high with handle down; the clock and wall bracket together 64cm (25.25ins) high, 30.5cm (12ins) wide, 20.5cm (8ins) deep overall. John Thwaites was the son of Ainsworth Thwaites who was apprenticed in 1735 and worked from Rosoman Row, Clerkenwell, London 1751-80. Ainsworth Thwaites was an accomplished maker who supplied the clock for the tower at the Horse Guards Parade; John was born in 1757 and took over the business presumably on the death of his father in 1780 before moving to Bowling Green Lane. He entered into partnership with Jeremiah Reed in 1808 and he firm subsequently became well known for supplying all forms of clocks and movements either wholesale for others to retail or signed by themselves. The partnership continued under John Thwaite's leadership from several addresses in London until his death in 1842. The business has subsequently passed through a series of successors and is still trading today from Rottingdean near Brighton. Ronald E. Rose in his book English DIAL CLOCKS provides data allowing clocks by Thwaites to be dated from their serial number (Appendix III page 239); from this list the serial number of the current lot suggests that it was made around 1813. A very closely related example, albeit a timepiece only, signed for Thwaites and Reed, and with provenance indicating that it was supplied to the 'H.M. Government Committee of Transports Navy Office' Whitehall, was sold in these rooms on 20th September 2016 for (lot 80) for £5,000 hammer.Condition Report: Movement is in fine clean fully working condition with no visible evidence of alteration or noticeable replacements. The movement retains its original seatboard and its overall configuration confirms that movement and dial are original to the case. The dial has been fully restored to a high standard and is in fine condition having only a few very light surface scratches. The case is in fine original condition with faults very much limited to minor shrinkage and a few bumps and scuffs commensurate with age and use; the finish also shows a little wear/rubbing/fading. The bracket is in similar condition; the brass strip across the front has 'sprung' slightly hence would benefit from being reset. Clock has pendulum, winder and two case keys. Condition Report Disclaimer
A FINE AND RARE GEORGE II GILT BRASS MOUNTED EBONISED QUARTER-STRIKING TABLE CLOCKHENRY HINDLEY, YORK, MID 18th CENTURYThe six distinctive double-baluster turned pillar twin chain fusee movement with arched plates measuring 10.25 by 6 inches enclosing greatwheels fitted to the narrow ends of the fusee cones, the going train incorporating perpendicular contrate drive from the centre-wheel to the escapement positioned at the apex of the plates, now with deadbeat escapement incorporating Brocot-type pallets positioned between the dial and the front plate (behind a shaped bridge) and regulated by half-seconds lenticular bob pendulum swinging to the rear, the two-in-one quarter-striking train incorporating single rack for both hours and the quarters utilising a standard snail arrangement to set the count for the former, and a second three-tooth rack stop lever (acting on a pin set in the hour rack arm) to control the latter, sounding on a graduated pair of bells with the hour on the larger and the quarters on both via dedicated hammers (incorporating Hindley's distinctive 'L' shaped springs) driven by the same pin wheel with automatic positioning via lateral pump action facilitating disengagement of the quarter hammers and engagement of third single hour hammer leading up to the hour, the backplate applied with an additional second plate finely engraved with asymmetric scrolling foliage around a central circular cartouche signed Hen. Hindley, of YORK flanked by Ho-Ho bird, lion and grotesque mask inhabited strapwork, the 7 inch arched brass dial with richly matted centre within applied silvered Roman numeral dial with Arabic five minutes to outer track and signed H. Hindley, York to lower edge, with scroll-pierced steel hands and lambrequin mask centred scroll cast spandrels, the upper margin with Strike quar's/Hr/Silent selection beneath arch centred with a subsidiary seconds dial flanked by female sphinx inhabited scroll cast mounts, the plate further applied with raised ogee border mouldings incorporating architectural cavetto 'capitals' and keystone details, the ebonised bell-top case with hinged brass carrying handle and pineapple finials over complex top mouldings and arch-glazed hinged front incorporating generous gilt fillet moulding to dial aperture, foliate scroll cast gilt upper quadrant frets and applied with female term mounts to uprights, the sides with arched brass fish scale sound frets and the rear with rectangular glazed door set within the frame of the case, on stepped ogee moulded skirt base.48cm (19ins) high with handle down, 27.5cm (10.75ins) wide, 18.5cm (7.25ins) deep.Henry Hindley was born in Great Harwood, near Blackburn, Lancashire 1699, little is known about his early life, however by the mid 1720's he was making clocks in Wigan where he repaired the church clock in 1726. Hindley moved with his young family (including his son, Joseph born 1728) to the prosperous city of York where, after making clocks for the Mansion House and Guildhall, he gained his Freedom of the city in 1732. Hindley s talents were such that he equipped his workshop with tools of his own design including an important dividing and wheel cutting engine, a screw cutting lathe and a fusee engine. As well as domestic clocks Hindley received commissions for several turret clocks including York Minster and supplied a range of scientific instruments including two important equatorial telescopes for the Duke of Norfolk and William Constable. By the 1760 s Hindley s health had deteriorated to the extent that an ever-increasing proportion of the business was handled by his son Joseph. Henry died in 1771 with his son and successor Joseph unfortunately dying just three years later in 1774, before he had had the opportunity to stamp his own mark on the family firm. According to the late Rodney Law, of Hindley's work only around 15 'spring clocks' are known versus around 40 longcases (see Law, R.J. HENRY HINDLEY OF YORK 1701-1771, PART II - published as an excerpt by The Antiquarian Horological Society). Law writes that of the examples seen by him all except one have half-seconds pendulums, all but three seconds hands and the majority have maintaining power. All also have the same distinctive design of double baluster pillar following those possibly first seen on Hindley's longcase clock of 1742 suggesting that he did not start making spring clocks until after that date. The use of fusees with the large ends positioned frontwards was to reduce the degree of friction at the larger front pivot which, with the standard design, was most apparent after winding. Further refinements include 'kneed' springs (of right-angled 'L' form), and two-in-one quarter-striking using the same rack for both the quarters and the hours. Indeed it is noted by Rodney Law that the latter detail has similarities with French work suggesting that Hindley was either well-read, having studied the works of makers such as Thiout, or was kept abreast of French work by his 'ingenious Jesuit friend'The positioning of the escapement behind a bridge towards the apex of the arch of the frontplate (driven via a vertically pivoted arbor with contrate wheels), is again typical of Hindley's work and allows space for a half-second pendulum to be installed in a standard-sized table clock as well as the provision of subsidiary seconds to the arch of the dial. Indeed when fitted with his form of deadbeat escapement Hindley's table clocks would have been very good timekeepers, hence the provision of a seconds dial will be very worthwhile. In addition to these refinements the wheel train of the current clock is very finely executed with pinion counts of eight or above which, again, ensures fine accurate running. A clock by Hindley with very similar design and layout to the current movement is illustrated and described in Darken, Jeff (editor) TIME & PLACE, English Country Clocks 1600-1840 on pages 150-53.The separately engraved backplate fitted to the present clock is highly unusual. The decoration is finely executed by an accomplished engraver and can be firmly placed within the category of 'vine engraving 1740-1770' discussed in Dzik, Sunny ENGRAVING ON ENGLISH TABLE CLOCKS, Art on a Canvas of Brass 1660-1800 on pages 337-358. Indeed the quality of the engraving, both in its up-to-date sophisticated design and highly accomplished execution, would suggest that it was executed in London. It is therefore most probable that Hindley sent the plate to London to be engraved as a separate entity from the movement and fitted it over the plain backplate on completion of the mechanism. PLEASE SEE THE ONLINE 'PAGE-TURNING' CATALOGUE FOR THE REMAINING TEXT OF THIS FOOTNOTE.
A GEORGE III BRASS MOUNTED EBONISED BRACKET CLOCK WITH FIRED ENAMEL DIAL AND TRIP-HOUR REPEATUNSIGNED, CIRCA 1800The five pillar twin chain fusee bell-striking movement with verge escapement regulated by bob pendulum with holdfast hook to the movement backplate, the 7 inch circular fired enamel convex dial with concentric inner track for date of the month within chapter ring with vertical Arabic numerals, with fine loop-pierced steel hands and brass pointer for the calendar set behind convex glazed cavetto moulded hinged cast brass bezel, the break-arch case with single brass fillet-edged pad and complex top mouldings over front with inverted crescent-shaped brass fish scale fret over the dial and conforming quadrant frets beneath, the sides with hinged cast brass carrying handles over further arched frets and the rear with arch-glazed door set within the frame of the case, on cavetto moulded skirt base with brass disc feet; with a later purpose-made ebonised wall bracket decorated with brass cock beaded panels to the front of the table and the curved tapered foot.The clock 41cm (16.25ins) high, 27cm (10.5ins) wide, 14cm (5.5ins) deep, the clock and wall bracket 64cm (25ins) high overall.
A MET OFFICE PATTERN DINES TILTING SYPHON RAINFALL RECORDERMANUFACTURED TO A DESIGN BY WILLIAM DINES, CIRCA 1930 The hinged cylindrical upper section with brass rim inscribed M.O. TILTING SYPHON RAIN RECORDER, MARK I. REF No MET. 562 enclosing tapered funnel and with glass aperture for viewing the mechanism inside, the whole section tipping open to reveal mechanism comprising cylindrical copper cannister set on a counterweighted pivot with collecting aperture to top and draining spout to side, fitted with a pivoted armature connected to an internal float and terminating with an inked stylus for recording the level of the water in the cannister on a clockwork rotating paper-scale lined drum, on tapered base incorporating outlet pipe.85cm (35.5ins) high, 50cm (19.75ins) diameter at the base.The design of the current lot was devised by William Henry Dines FRS (1855-1927)in around 1920. William Dines was the son of George Dines, a master builder who worked for Thomas Cubitt and advised Queen Victoria and Prince Albert on the design and construction of Osborne House. Both George and his son had a particular interest in weather predicting hence became fellows of the British Meteorological Society. William Dines was educated at Cambridge and served an engineering apprenticeship at Nine Elms Locomotive Works at Nine Elms, Battersea. After the Tay Bridge disaster in 1879 Dines undertook serious work on air pressure which later culminated in the invention of his pressure tune anemometer. In 1901 he undertook upper air research using kites and meteorographs made to his design and was granted the use of HMS Seahorse by the Admiralty to assist with his observations. At this time William Dines was serving as President of the Royal Meteorological Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1905.Dines developed his design of tilting syphon rainfall recorder during the First World War and it was brought into use and adopted by the Met. Office from around 1920 and is still in use today. Dines design is notable in that it utilises a self-tilting mechanism which causes the syphon to be automatically emptied once full. The instrument then resets itself so that it can continue recording.
A BRASS DESK WEATHER FORECASTING CALCULATORNEGRETTI AND ZAMBRA, LONDON, EARLY 20th CENTURYThe gabled plate with central circular silvered scale incorporating adjustments for DIRECTIONS OF WIND and barometric pressure reading providing a response in the form of letter key within a choice of three slots on the centre panel depending on whether barometric pressure is FALLING, STEADY or RISING, the upper edge of the plate labelled BAROMETER READINGS, REDUCED TO SEA LEVEL and the lower section with slot to reveal the forecast for each corresponding letter key brought into view by turning a knurled knob to the right hand side, the lower margin signed NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA, LONDON.14.2cm (5.625ins) high, 7.5cm (3ins) wide, 5.5cm (2.25ins) deep. The current lot is based upon Negretti and Zambra's design of forecasting calculator patented in 1915, which was developed using actual weather conditions over a ten year period. By setting the wind direction and lining up the central disc for the current barometer reading, a key in the form of a letter appearing within the appropriate aperture in the centre of the disc (which takes into account whether the pressure has been rising, falling or remaining steady) can be obtained. This key can then be translated into a 'forecast' by lining up the letter in the slot below.
Y A LATE VICTORIAN GILT BRASS ANEROID POCKET BAROMETER WITH THERMOMETER AND COMPASSDOLLOND, LONDON, LATE 19th CENTURY1.75 inch circular silvered register calibrated in barometric inches divided into twentieths with the usual observations, inscribed COMPENSATED, FOR, TEMPERATURE and signed DOLLOND, LONDON over serial number No 53123 to centre, within outer revolving altimeter scale annotated for 0 to 12,000 feet divided into one hundred foot increments, the bevel-glazed cylindrical satin-gilt case with knurled band for the rotating altimeter scale to circumference opposing central mother-of-pearl 'floating card' glazed compass within curved-tube FAH'T scale mercury thermometer, the top with turned post fitted with a suspension ring, in original green silk lined brown Morocco case opening both sides.The instrument 5cm (2ins) diameter, 2.5cm (1in) thick. Peter Dollond is recorded in Banfield, Edwin BAROMETER MAKERS AND RETAILERS 1680-1860 as born 1730 and died 1820. He was the son of John Dollond, a Huguenot silk weaver and started business as an optician in 1750. He was joined by his father in 1752 until his death in 1761, and then by his brother, John, until his death in 1804. The family business was continued by Peter Dollond's nephew, George Huggins, who changed his surname to Dollond. George Dollond became instrument maker to William IV and Queen Victoria, exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851 and died 1856. The firm became one of the largest makers and suppliers of scientific and optical instruments and continued trading under various guises throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.Condition Report: Barometer mechanism responds to pressure (has been 'bag tested') and appears to be providing and appropriate reading. The silvered scale has some slight tarnishing to the outer altimeter scale; the centre has very little discolouration and only a couple of spots. The thermometer and compass are in good working order with only slight mellowing to the silvered thermometer scale. The case retains its original gilding with minimal wear however there is patchy discolouration/tarnishing mainly to the collar around the thermometer. The leather outer case has lost the 'buttons' for both clasps. One lid has been re-glued at the hinge (is now very slightly out of alignment). Otherwise faults are limited to slight bumps, scuffs and edge wear. Condition Report Disclaimer
A RARE GEORGE IV ROSEWOOD MERCURY WHEEL BAROMETER WITH FIVE-INCH DIALF. AMADIO, LONDON, CIRCA 1835The 5 inch circular concentric foliate rosette-centred silvered register signed F. AMADIO, 118 St. John Str:'t Road, London within scale calibrated in barometric inches with the usual observations within hinged cast brass convex-glazed bezel, the case with DRY/DAMP hydrometer to the swan neck pediment over bowfronted glazed silvered Fahrenheit scale alcohol thermometer incorporating cavetto surmounted upper and lower rails to the tapered baluster-outline upright, the rectangular base with recording hand setting square over circular convex glazed spirit level decorated with engraved leafy sprays to the plate and with cavetto moulded underside.98.5cm (38.75ins) high excluding finial, 16.5cm (7ins) wide. Francis Amadio is recorded in Banfield, Edwin BAROMETER MAKERS AND RETAILERS 1660-1900 as a prolific maker of high-quality barometers who operated from 10 St. John Street Road 1820-28 before moving up the road to number 118 from where he worked until 1844. His son of the same name appeared to work in partnership with him from around 1810 before setting up on his own at 63 Moorgate, London in 1840.A very similar barometer but with six-inch dial by F, Amadio and Son, London was sold in these rooms on 20th September 2017 (lot 301) for £500 hammer.
A RARE WILLIAM IV MAHOGANY MERCURY WHEEL BAROMETER WITH FOUR-INCH DIALI. DAVIS, LEEDS, CIRCA 1830The 4 inch circular concentric foliate collar-centred silvered register signed I. DAVIS, Optician, LEEDS within scale calibrated in barometric inches with the usual observations within cast brass convex-glazed bezel, the case with DAMP/DRY hydrometer to the swan neck pediment over bowfronted glazed silvered Fahrenheit scale alcohol thermometer incorporating cavetto surmounted upper and lower rails to the tapered baluster-outline upright, the rectangular base with recording hand setting square over circular convex glazed spirit level decorated with engraved leafy sprays to the plate and with cavetto moulded underside.97.5cm (37.5ins) high excluding finial, 15cm (6ins) wide. A barometer or clockmaker with the name I. Davis appears not to be recorded in the usual sources.
A REGENCY MAHOGANY MERCURY CISTERN-TUBE MARINE STICK BAROMETERCARY, LONDON, EARLY 19th CENTURYWith brass suspension ring above plate engraved Cary, London and hinged rectangular door enclosing canted silvered Vernier scale calibrated in barometric inches 27 to 31 opposing conforming angled plate annotated with the usual observations, the inside of the door applied with mercury Fahrenheit scale thermometer, the rectangular section trunk with Vernier adjustment key and later brass gimbal mount fitted via pivot holes to the slightly bowed sides, the base with stepped ebonised moulded cylindrical cistern cover incorporating narrow elongated projection to underside.97cm (38.25ins) high with handle down, 6.5cm (2.5ins) diameter at the cistern. The celebrated Cary family business of scientific instrument and globe makers was established by John Cary at Johnson's Court, Fleet Street, London in 1782 moving to a new address at 'Corner of Arundel Square', Strand the following year. He was primarily an engraver of maps, charts and globes who moved again in 1783 to 188 Strand. By 1791 he had entered into what appeared to be a relatively casual partnership with his brother, William; this partnership lasted until circa 1816 by which time William and John Cary had moved again to 181 Strand before finally settling in 86 St. James in 1820. The following year he was succeeded by his sons, John (II) and George Cary, who continued from the firm's 181 Strand address until 1851/2 when the business was acquired by Henry Gould.
A GEORGE III MAHOGANY MERCURY STICK BAROMETERNEALE AND BAILEY, LONDON, CIRCA 1810With open triangular pediment over silvered Vernier scale calibrated in barometric inches and with the usual observations beneath engraved signature Neale & Bailey, St Pauls Church yard to the right-hand side opposing Fahrenheit scale mercury thermometer to the left, set behind hinged glazed door over caddy moulded trunk with visible tube flanked by angled banded veneers above rounded base fitted with ring-turned domed cistern cover incorporating level adjustment screw to underside.96cm (37.75ins) high excluding brass finial, 13.5cm (5.25ins) wide. Neale and Bailey are recorded in Banfield, Edwin BAROMETER MAKERS & RETAILERS 1660-1900 as working from St. Pauls Church Yard, London, circa 1810-30.Condition Report: Tube is filled with no apparent air locks. The level adjustment screw is a replacement. The silvered scale is in fine condition with minimal discolouration/mellowing to the finish. The thermometer is in good condition. The case is very presentable and of nice colour however the cistern cover is a replacement. The pediment may also be well-made replacement. Condition Report Disclaimer
A GEORGE III MAHOGANY MERCURY STICK BAROMETERDOLLOND, LONDON, CIRCA 1775With open triangular pediment above rectangular brass vernier scale calibrated in barometric inches, with the usual observations and signed Dollond, LONDON near the upper margin, the flame-veneered caddy-moulded trunk inset with visible tube over replaced hemispherical cistern cover to the rounded base incorporating brass level adjustment screw to underside.98cm (38.5ins) high excluding finial, 13.5cm (5.25ins) wide. Peter Dollond is recorded in Banfield, Edwin BAROMETER MAKERS AND RETAILERS 1680-1860 as born 1730 and died 1820. He was the son of John Dollond, a Huguenot silk weaver and started business as an optician in 1750. He was joined by his father in 1752 until his death in 1761, and then by his brother, John, until his death in 1804. The family business was continued by Peter Dollond's nephew, George Huggins, who changed his name to Dollond. George Dollond became instrument maker to William IV and Queen Victoria, exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851 and died 1856.
A FINE AND RARE GEORGE II WALNUT MERCURY DIAL BAROMETERJOHN HALLIFAX, BARNSLEY, CIRCA 1730The 6 inch engraved brass break-arch dial with radial foliate scroll engraved centre within applied silvered concentric scale calibrated in barometric inches 28-31 divided and labelled in tenths and with additional further scale divided 1-30 over the same range to the outer track, the inner margin with annotations Tempestous, Rain Wind or Snow, Changeable, Fair or Frost, Settle Fair or Frost and Very Dry, with scroll-pierced steel hand and spandrels engraved with leafy sprays within a herringbone border, beneath arch centred with a domed silvered boss signed Jn:o Hallifax, Barnsley, Inv't & Fecit flanked by conforming leafy scroll infill and herringbone surround, the case in the form of a longcase clock with block upstand to the domed caddy surmount standing on cross-grain ogee mouldings over additional plinth to superstructure, with cavetto cornice and triple-line bordered break-arch frieze over the glazed dial aperture secured by screws and applied with slender three-quarter columns to front angles, the sides with conforming quarter columns to the rear, the trunk with concave throat moulding over triple-line edged book-match veneered panel infill around a central circular section fitted with a manual pointer for the engraved brass recording ring with concentric scales matching those of the barometer dial above, the box base with stepped ogee top mouldings over conforming book-match veneered panel to fascia and cavetto over ogee moulded inverted caddy to underside, the rear with slender door revealing mercury syphon tube and pulley mechanism for the dial. 124.5cm (49ins) high, 26cm (10.25ins) wide, 11cm (4.25ins) deep. Provenance: A Descendant of the Spencer Stanhope Family of Cannon Hall, Barnsley. John Hallifax is recorded in Goodison, Nicholas ENGLISH BAROMETERS 1680-1860 as the son of the local vicar, born in Springthorpe, Lincolnshire in 1694. The family name was originally Waterhouse but was changed by his grandfather during the previous century. John Hallifax moved to Barnsley and set up as a clockmaker after his father's death in 1711; he had seven children and was succeeded in his business by his fifth son, Joseph (1728-62), after his death in 1750. In addition to Joseph his fourth son, George, also became a clockmaker in Doncaster, where he later twice served as Mayor of the town. John's third son, Thomas, moved to London and became an eminent banker, he served as Lord Mayor and became a member of Parliament. The regard to which John Hallifax was held is evident in the inscription on his tombstone which reads: 'Whose abilities and virtue few in these times have attained. His art and industry were such as his ingenious inventions will be a lasting monument of his merit -- such as recommended him to the favour and esteem of all good men that knew him'. The current instrument belongs to a small series produced by John Hallifax during the second quarter of the 18th century. The glazed front panel over the dial is designed to be removable to allow adjustment whilst the instrument is being set-up but is then secured by screws to prevent tampering. The recording dial in the trunk allows any changes in the pressure to be observed without having to touch the principal dial. Dial barometers by John Hallifax have traditionally been very highly sought-after with examples residing in some of the most important collections of both clocks and instruments as well as fine furniture and objects. One such example was offered at Christie's London in their sale of the Samuel Messer Collection of English Furniture, Clocks & Barometers 5th December 1991 (lot 12) where it achieved £32,000 hammer. More recently another was sold at Tennants, Leyburn in their Autumn Catalogue Sale 18th November 2010 (lot 1404) for £40,000.Condition Report: The barometer is now fitted with a standard wheel barometer syphon tube which is filled with mercury. The pulley assembly is also that from a standard wheel barometer and there is evidence of a different mechanism being fitted at some point. The dial is in clean condition with good strong engraving showing only very slight wear. The hand is missing its tip.The case is in good original condition but with some historic repairs. The superstructure has historic replacements to the ogee cross-grain mouldings (most noticeably to both sides of the lower tier). The rear of the superstructure shows evidence of re-gluing hence it is likely that the barometer at some point was in fairly tired condition with a few sections missing from the mouldings. The cornice moulding has been replaced to the right-hand side and has had a repair to the front left-hand corner; the frieze above the dial also has some patching to the veneers. The glazed front panel has repaired cracks to the arch section and is a little warped; the securing screws are replacements. The trunk has some historic shrinkage to the figured veneers and some patching-in to the banded borders otherwise is in good condition. The side veneers (to both the hood section and the trunk) are in fine condition. The central recording dial has lost its silvering and the hand is a replacement. The base appears all-original but has been re-glued. The front panel also shows some shrinkage/movement within the stringing towards the margins. The rear door appears original. Faults to the case are otherwise limited to age related bumps, scuffs, shrinkage, wear and a few small additional historic repairs to the mouldings. Condition Report Disclaimer
Y A SWISS TRAVELLING ALARM TIMEPIECE COMPENDIUM WITH BAROMETER, CALENDAR AND THERMOMETER RETAILED BY GUILLERMIN, PARIS, CIRCA 1930The engine-turned nickel finish eight-day watch-type keyless lever timepiece movement with 1.25 inch square brushed copper-finish dial inscribed GUILLERMIN, PARIS over 8 to centre, with luminous vertical Arabic numerals to chapter ring and inscribed Fab. En Suisse to lower margin, with luminous baton hands set behind rectangular plexiglass crystal with two-position winding crown beneath, the snap-on rear cover numbered 284489, set into the lower left hand corner of a square rose-gold coloured frame alongside a conforming manual calendar with apertures for day-of-the-week and month within outer track for date-of-the-month, beneath aneroid barometer annotated in barometric inches and millimetres and annotated in French to upper left, and a CENTIGRADE and FAHRENHEIT scale dial barometer to upper right, the whole assembly pivoted at the top within in a crocodile skin covered folding 'easel' wallet case.The wallet 8.5cm (3.375ins) wide, 11cm (4.25ins) deep and 10cm (4ins) high when open. Provenance: Private collection, East Midlands.Condition Report: The timepiece movement is working, the barometer responds to change in pressure (has been bag tested) and the thermometer responds to change in temperature hence the compendium is fully operational. All dials are in fine original condition and the metal frame of the case has only very slight edge wear. The crocodile hide is in good condition with only light wear and some relatively light moisture staining however is dry hence requires 'feeding'. Condition Report Disclaimer
A SWISS LEATHER-CASED TRAVELLING ALARM TIMEPIECE COMPENDIUM WITH BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER LECOULTRE, GENEVA, CIRCA 1925The circular eight-day watch type keyless lever movement with rectangular Art Deco luminous cream Vertical Arabic numeral dial inscribed EIGHT-DAYS to centre and signed LECOULTRE to upper margin, with luminous hands set within rectangular glazed chrome bezel, the case with three-position winding crown at six o'clock and fitted via pin-hinges at the top into a hard folding leather covered 'easel' wallet, alongside a conforming Aneroid barometer, calibrated in Barometric inches, with the usual observations and signed LECOULTRE to lower edge with mercury tube Fahrenheit and Centigrade scale thermometer between.The wallet 14.5cm (5.75ins) wide, 10.5cm (4.125ins) deep and 10cm (4ins) high when open. Provenance: Private collection, East Midlands.
A VICTORIAN MAHOGANY CASED TWO-DAY MARINE CHRONOMETER WITH THERMOMETERDENT, LONDON, CIRCA 1845The circular four pillar single chain fusee movement with Harrison's maintaining power, Earnshaw type spring detent escapement, split bimetallic balance incorporating cylindrical timing weights and helical balance spring, the backplate with spring set-up ratchet, faceted diamond endstone, blued steel movement pillar and backcock securing screws, the 3.75 inch circular silvered brass Roman numeral dial with subsidiary seconds dial beneath inscription DENT, LONDON, Chronometer Maker, to the, QUEEN, No. 1945 across the centre and DOWN/UP power reserve dial, with gold spade hands set in a lacquered brass bowl with screw-down bezel, with shuttered winding hole to underside and mounted within pivoted gimbals with locking screw, the mahogany three-tier case with push button clasp for the top tier applied with paper trade label for FRANCIS M. MOORE, CHRONOMETER MAKER TO THE LORDS OF THE ADMIRALTY, WATCHMAKER, OPTICIAN & c., 102, HIGH STREET,... BELFAST... to the inside surface, the middle tier with enamel roundel inscribed DENT, 1943 to front and applied with a later F and C silvered scale mercury thermometer to the inner right hand margin of the glass, the base with brass key escutcheon to front and brass carrying handles to sides.The box 16.5cm (6.5ins) high, 16cm (6.25ins) square. Edward John Dent was a talented horologist who at the age of 17 transferred his apprenticeship from the trade of tallow chandler to watchmaking under the charge of Edward Gaudin in 1807. By 1817 he had become well known as a watch and clockmaker receiving commissions from the Admiralty for a 'Standard Astronomical Clock' and pocket chronometers for the Colonial Office Africa Expedition. In 1830 Dent went into partnership with the renowned watch and chronometer maker John Roger Arnold which continued until 1840 when he left and set up business alone as E.J. Dent at 82 Strand, London, primarily making marine chronometers, watches and precision clocks. In 1843 the firm expanded taking on a second premises at 33 Cocksur Street, with the Strand premises moving down the road to number 61 by 1851. In 1852 Edward Dent successfully tendered to make the 'great clock' to be housed in Stephen's tower at the New Palace of Westminster. The clock was completed by 1859, apparently at a financial loss to the firm, however it ensured that Dent became a household name synonymous with fine clockmaking. Unfortunately Edward John Dent did not live to see the installation of the 'great clock' as he died in 1853. He was succeeded by his stepson Frederick Rippon Dent, who, in partnership with his brother Richard, continued to expand the business. By 1862 the firm had added 34 Cockspur Street and 34 & 35 Royal Exchange to their list of addresses and, although having seen natural passage of ownership over the intervening years, the business still continues to trade today as Dent & Co. The chronometer maker and retailer Francis M. Moore operated from 100 High Street (1st floor) Belfast from 1864 until 1899 when they became a Limited Company. In Dublin he was registered as a 'Practical Chronometer, Optician and Watchmaker' at 23 Eden Quay 1868-80 before moving to 28 Eden Quay by 1890.Condition Report: Movement is in clean working condition with no visible evidence of alteration or noticeable replacements. The steelwork has strong blued finish and the plates show faint evidence of being previously spotted (and now have a few light finger-marks from handling). The dial has slight mellowing to the tarnish otherwise is in fine condition; the tip of the minute hand is a little discoloured. The inside of the bowl is stamped 'DENT' over '1943'. The bowl and gimbals are in good clean condition with only light spots of discolouration/tarnishing evident. The rear of the bowl retains nice original pivoted dust plug for the winding hole. The tipsy winding key appears original and is stamped '1943'. The box is in fine condition. The paper labels applied to the inside of the top tier are intact with slight tears only evident in the one for 'Francis Moore'. The thermometer is in good working condition having only slight mellowing to the silvered scale. The exterior of the case is also in fine condition having only few very small bumps and bruises. The original fired enamel name disc is present and undamaged albeit a little faded. The box retains its original lock but there is no case key present. Condition Report Disclaimer
A RARE GEORGE III MAHOGANY HODOMETER OR WAYWISERW. AND S. JONES, LONDON, CIRCA 1800With 31.5 inch diameter wheel bound with an iron tyre and with six tapered spokes around a brass hub engaging with take-off gearing contained within the left hand fork of the handle assembly, the right hand fork incorporating a hinged section to allow removal of the wheel with locking via a knurled brass screw, the upper section with inverted 7.25 inch circular silvered register engraved W. & S. Jones, 30 Lower Holborn, London to centre within concentric inner scale calibrated in Roman numeral MILES (I to X) and Arabic Furlongs (0 to 8 for each mile) to be read by the shorter of the two blued steel hands within outer scales calibrated in Poles (0 to 40) and Yards (0 to 220) to be read by the longer hand, set behind a hinged glazed circular moulded wooden bezel beneath elaborate yoke-shaped handle 137cm (54ins) high overall, 32cm (11.5ins) wide at the handle. William and Samuel Jones are recorded in Clifton, Gloria Dictionary of British Scientific Instrument makers 1550-1851 as optical, mathematical and philosophical instrument makers who worked from several addresses in Holborn 1791-1859 including 135 Holborn (1792-1800) and 30 Holborn (1800-1860). Banfield notes that William Jones was apprenticed to the highly regarded maker Benjamin Martin whilst Samuel was apprenticed to George Adams (junior) instrument-maker to George III and optician to the Prince of Wales. The partnership was one of the most important firms of scientific instrument makers of the late Georgian/Regency period and were particularly well known for their microscopes. The current lot would have been a particularly valuable instrument for surveyors charged with creating maps and plans during the latter years of the 18th century. The importance of the instrument's role is reflected in the quality of its construction with the dial in particular being finely engraved and finished. When reviewing comparable surviving instruments of this type it becomes clear that different makers such as Dollond, Thomas Rubergall, William Frazer, and W. and S. Jones appear to have sold essentially identical instruments. This would suggest that they were probably made in one workshop who then supplied them to various makers for retail. One possible candidate for the supplier would be the workshop established by George Adams, as several earlier variants of this design by him are known including an example in the King George III collection housed at The Science Museum, London. This suggests that Adams was used to making such instruments hence was best suited to supply them in reasonable numbers to other makers.
A FRENCH GILT BRASS 'JAPONESQUE' MANTEL TIMEPIECETHE MOVEMENT STAMPED FOR VICTOR ATHANASE-PIERRET, CIRCA 1880The circular single train eight-day movement with tic-tac escapement regulated by integral short-bob pendulum, the backplate with arched lower margin and stamped with oval trademark VAP,. BREVETE, S.G.D.G. to backplate, the twelve-piece Arabic enamel cartouche numeral dial with winged female term and scroll cast brass centre and blued steel hands set behind fixed bevel-glazed bezel, the case modelled as an elaborate oriental gong stand with grotesque mask centred stylised strapwork scroll-pierced arch over the fish-scale decorated drum housing the movement surmounted by a pair of dragons, flanked by decorative cast square section columns over a trestle type base with elaborate scroll-pierced apron panel flanked by conforming openwork brackets, set on a cruciform-ended platform further decorated with a pierced apron to front.41cm (16.25ins) high, 30.5cm (12ins) wide, 10cm (4ins) deep. Victor Athanase-Pierret is recorded in Loomes, Brian Watchmakers and Clockmakers of the World, 21st Century edition, as born in 1806 and died in 1893. He worked in Paris and invented lamp clocks with turning globes marked with hour figures in 1863. Tardy in Dictionnaire des Horlogers Francais notes that he was born in Bucy-les-Pierrepont and apprenticed at age 13 to a maker named Rolin, stayed there 5 years, then moved to Paris. He exhibited at the London Exposition in 1851 where he presented 'une pendule planetaire' (an orrery), he also published a volume titled Horlogerie, outillage et mecanique in 1885.
Giacomo Agostini (Italy) signed Italian Moto GP ½ Scale Mini helmet, signed on helmet with black sharpie, Over a period of 17 years, Giacomo Agostini achieved an impressive 15 World Championship titles and 122 Grand Prix wins. Of these wins, 8 World Championships were amassed in the 500cc class (the forerunner to MotoGP). Giacomo (nicknamed Ago) dominated motorcycle racing for two decades, with two different manufacturers. Although he retired from racing in 1977, Giacomo remains to this day the most successful motorcycle champion in Grand Prix history. Also includes signed action 8”x10” photo and COA with exact photo proof. (3 items in total)
Late 2nd-early 3rd century A.D. A gold ring with a transverse oval hoop widening towards the top; the shoulders forming a heart-shaped leaf in relief, supporting an oval bezel set with a round green emerald, engraved with an image of a female deity (Diké, representing Justice) with a balance and a palm. Cf. Chadour, A.B., Rings. The Alice and Louis Koch Collection, volume I, Leeds, 1994, items 350, 366, for type. 7.66 grams, 25.67 mm overall, 19.62 mm internal diameter (approximate size British R, USA 8 1/2, Europe 18 3/4, Japan 18) (1 in.). Acquired 1980s. From a Home Counties, UK, collection. Dicé, or Diké (in ancient Greek ???? / Dikê), was a Graeco-Roman Pantheon deity personifying human justice in its moral and criminal aspects. She is often depicted as a young, slender woman carrying a balance scale and wearing a laurel wreath. The constellation Libra was thought to represent her distinctive symbol in ancient times. [A video of this lot is available to view on Timeline Auctions Website.]
Early Dynastic III, circa 2550-2250 B.C. A chlorite vessel with vertical wall and slightly convex base, dense frieze of creatures in combat; eagles with splayed limbs, grasping the serpents in its talons, which in turn are poised to strike at the bird, with stylised scale and feather detailing expressed using a series of ovoid cells, likely once inlaid with stones. Cf. Aruz, J., Art Of The First Cities The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2003, p.337. 1.7 kg, 16.7 cm wide (6 1/2 in.). Acquired from a gallery in France. Kept in the UK since 1982, thence by descent. This lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate no.11339-192112. Our vessel is very similar to a vessel fragment of 'Intercultural Style' found at Nippur.
6th-5th century B.C. The front of a scale armour coat composed of over five hundred overlapping bronze scales, each mounted onto a custom-made stand for purposes of display; the scales show to have formed different series, some having holes only in the upper part, some with three holes in the upper part and two holes to the left, and some showing three upper holes and one central hole. Cf. similar scales from Egypt, dated circa 590 B.C., in the Metropolitan Museum, discovered in the palace of Apries, accession no.09.183.7a–v; Chernenko, E.V., The Scythians 700-300 BC, Hong Kong, 1998, pp.7ff., pl.D & E; ???????? ?.?., ‘Elements of Scythian tradition in the complex of armament of the Altai forest-steppes population, in the 6th-3rd centuries B.C.’, in Russian Academy of science, The war and the military in the Scythian-Sarmatian world, Proceedings of International Scientific Conference in tribute to the memory of A.I. Melyukova (Kagal’nik, 26-29 April 2014), in Russian, pp.119-126 and pp.162-171, pl.3, p.126, fig.2, p.165. 9.6 kg total, 79 cm high including stand (31 in.). Acquired 1971-1972. From the collection of the vendor's father. Property of a London, UK, collector. Accompanied by an academic expertise by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato. This lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate no.11389-192359. The favourite armour of the Scythian noblemen was a protection composed of scales, usually protecting the torso, sometimes the entire body (kataphraktoi). The Scythians found the most efficient method of arranging the overlapping ‘fish-scales’ as a corselet made of a number of bronze and iron plates, able to protect against sword and spear thrusts. The scales were fixed to an organic backing in such a way that the edges were overlapping in a similar way to rooftiles creating a complete protection for the wearer. Our scales correspond well to bronze scales found in May 1961 in an accidentally destroyed burial in a barrow, near the village of Nadezhda Sovetsky district. They were discovered together with iron scales, a Greek Corinthian helmet, fragments of an amphora, five arrowheads and fragments of an iron sword. Most of these bronze scales were oblong in shape, with a sub-rectangular upper end and a rounded lower end, but slightly bigger than our scales.
Late Period-Ptolemaic Period, circa 500-31 B.C. An Egyptian or Graeco-Roman hardstone sphinx modelled in the round, sitting on a sub-rectangular base, with the body of a winged feline and head of a woman, her hair tied in a bun on the top of her head, stylised anatomical and facial detailing, circular socket to the top face behind the head; mounted on a custom-made antique wooden display base. Cf. a heavily worn steatite(?) winged sphinx, dated to 90-10 B.C., was found at Meroe and is now in The Museum of Fine Arts Boston, inv.no.22-1-609. 74 grams total, 50 mm long including base (2 in.). From Saqqara in the late 1960s. With John Cummings, Lincolnshire, UK, 1990s. Acquired 20 May 1997. Property of a South Oxfordshire private collector. Accompanied by an original invoice no.6469 dated 20 May 1997. Accompanied by a scholarly note by Egyptologist Paul Whelan. The sphinx amulet is quite rare in Egypt, for instance, the vast output and variety of amulets identified from the industrial-scale workshops at Naukratis do not include three-dimensional winged sphinxes, only their image impressed in scarabs, suggesting that this example may have been an import and/or once the possession of a Greek person in Egypt.
BROCKBANK & ATKINS, LONDON. A REGENCY EBONISED AND BRASS INLAID DOME-TOP DOUBLE FUSEE EIGHT-DAY BRACKET CLOCK the 7" signed painted convex dial with Roman numerals fronting an eight-day chain driven double fusee movement striking the hours on a gong, with anchor escapement and adjustable steel-rod pendulum. The arched case with brass edges and inlaid geometric design to the front, shaped side handles, fish scale sound frets and square feet.34cm high The case is in nice original condition with no losses, there is a shallow scratch to the top and very fine splits in the veneer, also a small patch above 11, the painted dial is original, some patches of repair to the ground. Hands are original. The movement is complete but not original to case, there is a filled hole to each side of the case where the original brackets have been.
HENRY GRATTE, KENNINGTON LANE, SURREY. A LATE GEORGE III PAD TOP QUARTER CHIMING BRACKET CLOCK WITH ENAMEL DIAL the mahogany break-arch case with gilt brass pierced fish scale sound frets and a full opening front door enclosing an 8" enamel dial with Roman numerals and gilt brass hands fronting an eight-day five pillar double fusee movement with border engraved backplate and massive heavy brass bob pendulum running on a deadbeat escapement, the hours and quarters striking on two bells40cm high
A miniature scale model of a Korean Turtle Ship, plated in 24k gold and contained within a perspex case and outer hinged box. Measures approx; 16cm x 20cm x 12cm. Turtle ships participated in the war against Japanese naval forces supporting Toyotomi Hideyoshi's attempts to conquer Korea from 1592 to 1598. Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who won all battles against the Japanese Navy, is credited with designing the improved turtle ship. From their first appearance in the Battle of Sacheon, his turtle ships, equipped with at least five different types of cannon, greatly contributed to winning 16 times in 16 battles against the Japanese Navy
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