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Manuscript version of the poem, ballpoint (?), signed "Salvador Espriu" and dated "B., 30 - I - 65" and w. dedication to Immelien Kramer below the poem, framed.Salvador Espriu was an influential Catalan writer, considered to be one of the most important writers of his generation. He was a candidate for the Nobel prize for literature in 1971 and 1983.

Manuscript map, irregularly shaped fold. leaf of 60 x 90 cm., depicting the section to the right of the railway station, including the Koornmarkt, Oeverstraat, Lange Straat, Stads Tuinen and the bend of the Rhine at the right, on laid paper with watermark C. and I. Honig, second half 19th cent.Folds; some tears and sm. (closed) holes, with a number of repairs and strengthening with tape. (2-5) "Uittreksel uit het kadastrale plan Gemeente Arnhem. Sectie Q./ Arnhem Sectie D/ Velp Sectie C". Four manuscript maps, all w. sheet size of ca 70 x 100 cm, dated 1892, numbered "Nr. 1" to "Nr. 4", all stamped "K 73" in lower right corner and all with ticket "Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen. Brug over den IJssel bij Westervoort" and "Archief No. 3.1" to "3.4 " verso. All folded, w. margins strengthened and/ or tears closed w. tape. The first map lacks a portion of upper left corner. All with manuscript "Vergeleken met het kadastrale plan de ambtenaar voor de boekhouding" [signed) and "Afgegeeven door mij Bewaarder van de hypotheken en het kadaster te Arnhem den 7/ 9 Mei 1892" (signed). And 4 similar manuscript maps in the same large size and with all the same characteristics, of Westervoort (3x) and Duiven. (total 9)

THE KNIGHT'S CODE 1947 CHIVALRY / ROVER SCOUTING ILLUSTRATED MANUSCRIPT ON VELLUMAN ATTRACTIVE ILLUSTRATED AND DECORATED MANUSCRIPTIT OPENS WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE KNIGHT'S CODE AND A FULL-PAGE PAINTING OF A KNIGHTTHE REMAINDER IS CONCERNED WITH THE RESPONSIBILITIES AND INVESTITURE OF A ROVER SCOUT I.E. SENIOR SCOUTS AGE 18 OR ABOVEBOUND IN HEAVY GULL LEATHER WITH A CARVED MOTIFTWELVE LEAVES, LAST DATE NOTED 1947

Collection of (4) 16th - 17th Century Manuscript Pages Largest Size: 8.75 x 13.25 in.

Pair of 17th-18th Century Islamic Manuscript Pages. Largest Sight Size: 9 x 5 in. Overall Framed Sizes: 21 x 21 / 16 x 12 in. Both framed behind glass.

A Collection of Three Books to include, a handwritten manuscript with etchings, 'the MSS Symbol Of Strife Robert Burns' by George Algernon Fothergill and a Pen and Ink drawing book and 1851 manuscript.

Two leather-bound books to include The Manuscript entitled Turner and Goulston Correspondence [letters of The Revd Turner and his wife Margret Turner ] Bodlian Library 1669 - 1714 & The Republican Court or American society in the days of Washington by Rufus Wilmot Grisword. engraved from original pictures New York M. DCCC.MX.

Estate Of John Challis - 'Self Centre' - a handwritten unpublished manuscript appearing to be for a novel / short story. 28 handwritten pages on the reverse of an old play script, bound together with a clip. Some amendments throughout. Supplied with a 6x8" autographed colour photograph of Challis as Boycie in Only Fools & Horses. A portion of the proceeds from the Estate Of John Challis will be donated to three charities that he supported: British Hedgehog Preservation Society (1164542), The Cuan Wildlife Rescue (1096812), and Tusk Trust (803118).

CHRISTIAN BOLTANSKI (1944-2021)Récit-Souvenir 1971 signé et daté 1971photographies et encre sur papiersigned and dated 1971photographs and ink on paper 65 x 50 cm. 25 9/16 x 19 11/16 in.Footnotes:ProvenanceCollection particulière, ItalieBibliographieJean-Clarence Lambert, OPUS International, N°24-25, Paris 1971, p. 82-83, le texte est en version tapuscrite et les photographies illustrées en noir et blancChristian Boltanski, Livres, Récit-Souvenir, 1991, n.p., illustré en noir et blancCette œuvre est le manuscrit original du Récit-Souvenir écrit pour le N° 24-25 de la revue OPUS International.This work is the original manuscript of the Récit-Souvenir written for N° 24-25 of the magazine OPUS International.This lot is subject to the following lot symbols: ARAR Goods subject to Artists Resale Right Additional Premium.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com

America.- Native Americans.- A Narrative of Occurrencies in the Indian Countries of North America, first edition, engraved folding hand-coloured map (with small closed tear at edge, paper repair to verso, light off-setting), p.iii small manuscript ink inscription, title with light finger-soiling, original printed wrappers, rebacked with cloth, some soiling, [Sabin 20699, ascribed to T. Douglas], 8vo, B. McMillan, 1817.⁂ Rare with map. Full title continues, "since the connexion of the Right Hon. the Earl of Selkirk with the Hudson's Bay Company, and his attempt to establish a colony on the Red River; with a detailed account of His Lordship's military expedition to, and subsequent proceedings at Fort William, in Upper Canada". This work bears testimony to the feud between the Hudson Bay Company and the North West Company of Montreal, which was brought to a close by their unification in 1821. It is also important for the development of Manitoba province. Authorship attributed to several individuals: Thomas Douglas; E. Ellice (as per ink inscription in this copy); Simon McGillivray and Samuel Hull Wilcocke.

*** Please note, the description of this lot has changed ***Psalter, Use of Liège, in Latin, illuminated manuscript on vellum, 117 leaves (plus 2 modern paper endleaves at front and back), wanting the Beatus initial leaf from opening of main text, another single leaf from the fifth quire and some quires from the end: now ending abruptly midway through the Litany, else complete, collation: i6, ii-iv8, v7 (that originally the second leaf in quire removed), vi-xv8, text in single column of 23 lines of a good early gothic bookhand, one-line initials in red or blue, 2-line initials in gold on blue and pink grounds heightened with white penwork, twelve calendar illustrations of the occupations of the months (each of a human figure in burnished gold robes), ten large historiated initials in blue or pink with central scenes on burnished gold grounds, the whole within a gold frame and with coloured foliate extensions on thick gold grounds extending into the borders on up to three sides, a few leaves with ink flaking away and smudged, a few smudges to initials, leaves at each end slightly cockled, a few spots and stains, else in good condition, 169 x 120mm., bound by Budden of Cambridge in 19th-century red morocco over bevelled boards, each board tooled in rows of foliate designs and spine with six compartments with a single flowerbud, gilt edge and gauffered, 8vo, Southern Netherlands (Liège), [c.1270].⁂  The sequence of gold-clad figures in the Calendar and glittering historiated initials here set this apart as one of the most visually arresting Psalters to be produced in Liège in the 13th century. The atelier that produced this manuscript has been identified by Judith Oliver, and named after its principal production: a Psalter now Paris, BnF., Latin 1077. The artists who collaborated in this atelier appear to have been responsible for the importing of the French Gothic style into the Meuse valley. The historiated initials here are especially influenced by the French Gothic style, with tall and elegant figures with delicate expressive faces framed by thick hair, highly placed mouths often in smiles, and clothing edged with a thin white line. The so-called 'third hand' of the Paris Psalter was responsible for the figure painting in the present volume, and in addition notable links exist between the Calendar miniatures here and those in another Psalter from the same atelier: Princeton Art Museum, MS. 57-189, with single figures also in burnished gold robes standing on wavy lines. However, the quality of the work here is finer than that of the Princeton manuscript.The Calendar miniatures comprise: (1) fol. 1r, feasting beside the fire; (2) fol. 1v, pruning a tree; (3) fol. 2r, digging; (4) fol. 2v, a standing youth; (5) fol. 3r, youth by a tree playing a viol; (6) fol. 3v, man with a basket harvesting; (7) fol. 4r, cutting hay with a scythe; (8) fol. 4v, harvesting wheat with a sickle; (9) fol. 5r, treading grapes in a tub; (10) fol. 5v, sowing seeds; (11) fol. 12r, carrying a hog; (12) fol. 6v, slaughtering an ox. The historiated initials comprise: (i) fol. 7r, David harping; (ii) fol. 22v, Christ healing a blind man; (iii) fol. 40v, an execution; (iv), fol. 41r, King David and the fool; (v) fol. 51r, Christ above Jonah and the whale; (vi) fol. 63v, David playing the bells; (vii) fol. 74v, two monks singing; (viii) King David in prayer; (ix) fol. Christ in majesty; (x) fol. 111r, Doubting Thomas.Comparative manuscripts are published as J.H. Oliver, Gothic manuscript illumination in the diocese of Liège, 1988, pp. 148-58, ill. 12, 52, 105 and 110.Provenance: (1) written and illuminated for a wealthy patron in the vicinity of Liège: the Calendar has SS. Domitian, Servatius and Remaclus, bishops of Tongres and Maastricht in the diocese of Liège, as well as Theodardus, Hubert and Lambert (this last saint with three feasts noted), all bishops of Liège; (2) John Gilchrist Clark (1830-82) of Speddoch, Dumfries (and with a note on this manuscript with information from Francis Wormald on Speddoch notepaper included in volume), who married a daughter of William Henry Fox Talbot, the early photographer (and an albumen print of Gilchrist Clark by Camille Silvy, dated 1862, survives in the National Portrait Gallery): his ex libris dated 1851 on first modern endleaf. He also owned a French Book of Hours last appearing on the market in Swann Galleries' sale on 7 March 2019, lot 167; (3) Christie's, 29 November 2000, lot 8, evidently consigned by Gilchrist Clark's descendants, where it sold for £80,750.

Illuminated manuscript.- Leaf from the celebrated Ghistelles Hours, with a hare playing the bagpipes and a human-drollery dancing, in Latin, illuminated manuscript on vellum, single leaf, with single column of 11 lines in a fine and angular gothic bookhand, red rubrics, line-fillers in red, blue and liquid gold geometric patterns, one-line initials in blue or liquid gold with ornate red or dark blue penwork, two historiated initials in gold on bi-coloured blue and rose grounds, each enclosing a human-headed drollery creature, and with extensions in border forming a frame to text on three sides terminating in gilt animal masks, the hare playing the bagpipes standing on the lower outer edge of this frame on the verso, and the drollery with a woman's torso in the same place on the recto, slightly darkened at edges, some small spots, gold flaked away in places, else in good condition, 120 x 80mm., [Flanders (perhaps Bruges)], [c.1300].⁂ From a fine Book of Hours long associated with John III of Ghistelles (d.1315), lord of Ghistelles and Ingelmunster, whose family arms appear on a number of leaves. The calendar is now at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore and includes an Easter Table for the years 1300-1316, suggesting its completion immediately before the earliest of these years. It was reportedly owned by Sir Sydney Cockerell (1867-1962), and was certainly imperfect when it was broken by Heinrich Eisemann in 1952. A list of known leaves was published in Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in New Zealand Collections, 1989, no. 72.

Illuminated manuscript.- Leaf from Thomas Aquinas, Catena Aurea, a commentary on the Gospels, in Latin, decorated manuscript on vellum, single leaf, with double columns of 48 lines of Aquinas text in a small and angular gothic bookhand with noted lateral compression, these with the Biblical text set within their bodies in blocks of larger versions of same hand (in format of Glossed Bibles), capitals touched in red, red rubrics, red and blue running titles and versal initials, 2-line initials in red or blue with purple or red contrasting penwork, one large initial 'N' (opening "Nolite iudicare ut ...", Matthew 7:1) in blue, red and green with blank vellum sections left within its body to depict a crowned figure with a drollery tail and foliate ornament, the initial infilled with intersecting triangles of red or purple penwork, with four roundels enclosing drollery animals on red, blue and green grounds, the whole initial set within similar penwork and two similar roundels with another animal and a realistic flower-head, coloured foliate penwork extending throughout entire central gutter and bas-de-page with six similar roundels with animals or foliate sprays, probably recovered from reuse as an endleaf in a later book, and so some small spots and cockling, leaf once made wet in upper outer corner with stains and slight shrinking to borders there, overall fair condition, 358 x 244mm.[Austria or Southern Germany], [14th century].⁂ The entrancing penwork decoration here is of a type common to a large number of contemporary Germanic monastic manuscripts, with the closest parallels to those connected to the Austrian-German border (see for example, the leaf from an antiphoner sold by Bloomsbury Auctions, 2 July 2019, lot 57, and perhaps also the cutting with an initial offered in the same rooms, 3 December 2019, lot 38).

Large remnant of the Psalter with Passion Sequences copied by Pietro Ursuleo of Capuo, in Latin, illuminated manuscript on parchment, 30 leaves, remains of three gatherings and a number of bifolia and single leaves, bound tightly and with numerous repairs to gutters, hence uncollatable (but see below), single column of 19 lines of the fine and accomplished humanist hand of Pietro Ursuleo (described by M.R. James from the sister volume as 'an exquisite Roman hand': Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1902, III, no. 1374, p. 384), faded red rubrics, dark blue and liquid gold capitals, 32 illuminated initials enclosed within white vinework on blue, green and red grounds, last word of Matt. 52 at end of text erased, some stains and losses at edges (probably from water damage during ownership by Jarman, see below), edges repaired with more modern parchment and edges of one or two initials restored, a few leaves with ink faded or partly flaked away, one page overwritten to correct this, with edges of some letters stretching over repair parchment of missing borders (fol. 9r here), overall presentable condition, 171 by 26mm., blue cloth covered boards with green leather spine (bound for J.H.P. Pafford: see below), 'MS' and 'SAEC XV' in gilt on spine, 4to, [southern Italy (Naples)], [c.1460].⁂ Provenance:1. Written by the scribe Pietro Ursuleo (d. 1483), bishop of Satarino and elevated on his deathbed to the archbishopric of Santa Severina, and perhaps illuminated by Matteo Felice or a member of his workshop, as one of two sister volumes (the other now Trinity College, Cambridge, MS O.7.46) for a patron in Ravenna.2. The parent volume was most probably then in the collection of John Boykett Jarman (d. 1864), and damaged by the flood that affected his manuscript collection (the parent manuscript was his sale in Sotheby's, 13 June 1864, lot 161).3. By January 1912 it had passed to the London bookseller James Tregaskis (1850-1926), who offered it intact in his cat. 717 (8 January 1912), no. 485 (and again in cat. 720, perhaps March 1912, no. 571; and cat. 743, 1913, no. 510; at which point it contained 169 leaves), but when it went unsold began to remove single leaves for sale (see his cat. 777, 1916, no. 81, 4 leaves). Leaves from it are now widely dispersed, with lists in M. Manion, V.F. Vines and C. de Hamel., Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in New Zealand Collections, 1989, no. 89, Peter Kidd's blogpost of 2014 and the Fragmentarium website.4. J.H.P. Pafford (1900-96), Goldsmith's Librarian of University College, London, and a prolific text editor and author, who recorded in correspondence with A.C. de la Mare in 1979 that he purchased these 30 leaves in two equal blocks, only a week or two apart in about 1962, from The Guildhall Bookshop of Twickenham and from 'a bookshop in the Bloomsbury area ... a newly opened shop'. Tregaskis' business was carried on by family members until 1939, and the parent volume seems to have passed to a member of the book trade by the late 1950s, who divided it up into short sections and dispersed these into the London trade. Manion, Vines and de Hamel note that two sections appeared on the market in the late 1950s, while 28 leaves appeared at Sotheby's, 11 July 1960, lot 153, and 22 leaves were Alan G. Thomas, cat. 14 (1964), no. 22. The Sotheby's and Thomas sections appear to have been divided and dispersed by the Folio Fine Art Society, and this group here may well be the last substantial remnant of this alluring codex to remain together. By descent from Pafford to the present owner. Text: The leaves here contain: fols. 1-6: Psalms 6:4-14:1-4; fols. 7-8: Psalms 16:4-17: 24; fols. 9-10: Psalms 31:3-33:10; fols. 11-15: Psalms 33:11-34:27, 35:1-37:9; fols. 16-18: Psalms 38:4-41:7; fol. 19: Psalms 72:9-73:3; fols. 20-21: Psalms 106:19-108:8; fol. 22: Psalms 110:9-113: 2; fol. 23: Psalms 143:14-144:19; fol. 24: Psalms 148:9-150, followed by part of the Canticle (the opening of the Song of Isaiah, here 12:1) and Is. 12:2-end, followed by Is. 38:9-18 on fol. 25; fol. 26: Canticles (the Prayer of Habakkuk, here 3:11-end, followed by the Song of Moses, here Deut. 32:1-7, with Deut. 32:7-38 continuing on fols 27-28; fol. 29: Te Deum (ending), Gloria (opening); and fol. 30: Matt. 27:52-end, with last word erased.

Illuminated manuscript.- Substantial fragment of a Book of Hours, perhaps for Franciscan Use, in Latin and French, illuminated manuscript on vellum, 53 leaves only, wanting leaves throughout (but apparently in present state in late 19th century), single column of 17 lines of a good late gothic bookhand, capitals touched in yellow, rubrics in red, line-fillers in blue and burgundy heightened with white penwork and drops of liquid gold, one- and 2-line initials in gold on similarly coloured grounds, some of these with single-line foliage sprays in adjacent borders terminating in coloured leaves, flowerbuds and gold bezants, larger initials in same colours, enclosing scrolling foliage on gold grounds, leaves with large initials with decorated floral borders on three sides, small spots, stains and small smudges, some leaves slightly cockled in places, else good condition, 161 x 121mm., bound in 19th-century brown calf, blind-tooled with floral sprays at corners and double fillet, floral tools on spine with gilt title: "MISSAL", rubbed, corners bumped and joints with small splits, marbled endleaves, small 4to, North Eastern France or French Flanders, [c.1460].⁂ This is the first appearance of this volume on the market in nearly a century and a half. This volume opens with Vespers and Compline from the Hours of the Virgin, with parts of the Seven Penitential Psalms and a Litany, Hours of the Holy Spirit and Office of the Dead following. It ends with the Doulce dame de misericorde prayers in French, ending abruptly in the fifteenth and last prayer. Provenance: (1) Written and illuminated for a patron in north-eastern France or French Flanders: the litany includes SS. Audoin and Mellonius (4th- and 7th-century bishops of Rouen), as well as SS. Francis and Anthony of Padua, an early Franciscan preacher; (2) Charles H.L. Woodd (1821-93) of Rosslyn House in Hampstead, wine merchant, evangelical and close friend of John Ruskin: his ex libris on front endleaf dated November 1874; and by descent to present owner.

Illuminated manuscript.- A skeleton with a banderole, in an initial on a leaf from an opulently illuminated Book of Hours, in Latin, manuscript on vellum, single leaf, with a large historiated initial 'D' (opening "Dilexi quoniam exaudi ...", the reading for Vespers in the Office of the Dead) in blue, pink and green acanthus leaves heightened with white penwork, enclosing a detailed skeleton clutching a banderole, with inscription: "Memento homo quia cinis es et", all on burnished gold ground, the remaining letters of the initial word in gold or blue capitals, with full border of densely packed single-line foliage, sprays of red and blue flowerbuds and numerous gold leaves and bezants, with an architectural winged face in border at top beneath a wreath hanging from the frame above by two red ties, a realistic mallard in outer border and putto spearing a green dragon in the bas-de-page, the text and border decoration within thin gold frames (the inner frame enclosing angular geometric designs in blue), one-line initials in gold or blue with contrasting penwork, red rubrics, single column of 13 lines of a rounded Italian late gothic hand, margins trimmed at extremities (but without losses to borders, small spots, else in outstanding and fresh condition, 125 x 94mm., [Italy (Naples)], [c.1470-80].⁂ The parent volume of this leaf was most probably produced within the Neapolitan court, by the artist Cristoforo Majorana (fl. c. 1480-94). The illumination here is recognisable as by the same hand as that of the majority of the illumination in a Book of Hours produced within Naples in 1477 for Joachinus Guasconus of Florence (now British Library, Yates Thompson MS. 6: see online catalogue and reproductions) and the frontispiece of a copy of the works of Ausonius made c. 1475-85 for Alfonso of Aragon, later king of Naples, and passing from him to the Neapolitan Royal Library, and eventually to Major J.R. Abbey (J.J.G. Alexander and A.C de la Mare, The Italian Manuscripts in the Library of Major J.R. Abbey, 1969, no. 28, pl. xxxiv). They share distinctive and identical two-colour flowerbuds with long pointed stamens covered in white dots, detailed and naturalistic portraits of birds and fantastical creatures, and putti with delicate shading used to pick out their round cheeks (and in the case of the Yates Thompson manuscript the same slitted eyes as here), all on a ground of dense gold-strewn foliage. Moreover, the angular geometric patterns within the inner gold frame here are echoed by the more prominent frames of both the Ausonius and Yates Thompson manuscripts. J.J.G. Alexander drew together the known examples of the artist's work in 1969 (but without the present leaf, or any note of its lost parent volume), and overturned the earlier attribution to Cola Rapicano, the Neapolitan court artist who trained Cristoforo Majorana in his workshop.

Illuminated manuscript.- Gradual, in Latin, decorated manuscript on vellum, 88 leaves only, wanting 4 leaves from first gathering and approximately another 4 gatherings from the opening of the volume, contemporary foliation: 1-2, 7-8, 42-124 (with occasional errors in this last part), collation: i4, ii-xi8, xii4, six lines of text in a large Iberian liturgical hand, with music on a 4-line red stave (rastrum: 43mm.), rubrics and running titles in red, initials in elaborate penwork strokes or simple red designs, one large red initial with acanthus leaves overlaid in white penwork on a blank vellum stylised acanthus leaf ground on green hatched in black penstrokes, parchment cockled in places, spots and stains, bottom section cut away from last leaf of main text, some pages with traces of glue and paper from sections of newer music once overlaid on paper strips, else good condition, 555 x 370mm., in remains of early blind-tooled binding over heavy wooden boards, tooled with repeating designs of parallel circles, and front board with remains of gilt inscription at its head, the leather here torn and partly repaired, front board once split and whole binding most probably shortened to accommodate reduced volume of leaves and leather extensively replaced in several places, two metal clasps, large folio, Spain, [16th century].⁂ This is a substantial remnant of a Gradual for the entire ecclesiastical year, opening with part of the offices for Christmas, and ending with those for Advent. To this has been added an index and further offices by contemporary hands.

Norfolk, Irstead.- Charles II (King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1630-85) Charter, grant to Henry Negue of the rectory of Irstead, manuscript, 23 membranes, engraved portrait of Charles II and headline decoration on first membrane, ruled in red throughout, surface wear with some loss of text, small tear, folds, some soiling, yellowed, lacks Great Seal, c. 660 x 740mm., 12th April 1682.⁂ Irstead, in the Norfolk Broads.

Wales.- Cust (Rev. Richard, Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons, Dean of Rochester and Dean of Lincoln, 1728-83) Observations upon the Picturesque Scenery of North Wales in the Autumn of the year 1783, manuscript, title and 90pp. excluding blanks, 13 monochrome wash watercolours of Welsh landscapes, slightly browned, marbled endpapers with modern ownership label, free endpapers loose, original tree calf, rubbed, covers detached, original spine laid down, worn, sm. 4to, 1783.⁂ Snowdon. "Snowden is the highest of this long range of mountains, and has the most awfull and tremendous aspect, not only from its vast height, but also from the rudeness of its form, its chasms, and projections. Two hours and a half in ascending, and our guide told us we were nimble; nothing however can exceed the difficulty and fatigue, we were greatly incommoded too by the wind... . We presently... in a hollow in the mountain sheltered from the wind. Here we rested to admire these wonderful exhibitions of nature. It was a sea of mountains." - Cust.Cust is thoroughly imbued with Gilpin's in search of the picturesque. A tour starting from London, passing Hampstead Hill, the chaise continues through the night past Oxford, then on to Stratford, Birmingham and Shrewsbury where the tour begins. They visit Llangollen, Conwy, Penmaenmawr, Bangor, Anglesy ["Angleshire"], Caernarfon, Snowdon, Llanberis, Bangor, Vale of Clwyd etc.

Scotland.- Brown (John, genealogist) An Historical and Genealogical Tree of the Royal Family of Scotland, manuscript family pedigree, on thick wove paper, 2 sheets conjoined, numerous folds, foxed and browned, framed and glazed, 1060 x 750mm., Edinburgh, 1792.⁂ Possibly a manuscript draft produced before engraving in order to check that the information on the pedigree was correct. This family tree was created in 1792 by John Brown, a genealogist, who dedicated it to the Prince of Wales, the future King George IV. The tree, designed in the form of an oak and decorated with heraldic crests and crowns, shows the connections between the kings and queens of Scotland from King Fergus I to King George III. Details about each person are given in separate circles spread across the branches.

[Sermons], manuscript, 115pp., 1f. folded over, slightly browned, original panelled calf, repaired, joints with small splits but strong, gilt spine, small leather label, gilt, 8vo, [c. 1793].⁂ Sermons comprise: "Ephes. IV. Cp. 1. The Xtians Vocation"; "James IV. 12. Cp. Against Censoriousness"; "Levit. XIX. 17. Upon Friendly Reproof."; "Ephes. V. 3. The State of y. Gentiles bef. & aft. Conv."; "Isaiah 1.f.p.17. On Well Doing."; "James. 1. 21. - 2 Serm. On Reading y. Scriptures."Six sermons preached variously in Ashley (Cheshire), Eccleshall, Southam (Warwickshire), Prestwich, Manchester, Gnosall, Gorton, Cheadle between 1749 and 1792. And in another hand "Hanbury 1798" and sermons numbered 360 to 366.

Perspective.- Hayter (George) Dilogue [on Perspective], manuscript, 32pp., 17 small pen and ink illustrations, numerous corrections and crossing out, several pen and ink illustrations showing perspective loosely inserted, slightly browned, original vellum soiled, 1804; and another, a printed work, Charles Hayter, "An Introduction to Perspective", 1820, sm. 4to & 8vo (2).⁂ Inscribed on upper cover, front pastedown ("The Works of My Father Charles Hayter") and the dialogue starts "My Dear George".

Lahore.- Hastings (Francis Rawdon, first Marquess of Hastings and second Earl of Moira, army officer and politician, 1754-1826) Firman signed "Hastings" from Marquees Hastings to local Chiefs on Ranjit Singh's return visit to Lahore, manuscript in Persian, tears along folds, most repaired and edged with paper, 485 x 160mm., 30th March 1818.⁂ Firman issued by the East India Company Governor-General of Fort William, Calcutta, to regional rulers that Raja Ranjit Singh of Lahore will be passing through their territories after meeting the Governor-General, when heading back to Lahore and that every effort must be made for his safe passage back and making his passage a comfortable one.Lord Hastings was appointed Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, effectively the Governor-General of India, on 11 November 1812. His tenure as Governor-General was a memorable one, overseeing the victory in the Gurkha War (1814-16).

Georgian Play.- Poole (John, playwright and writer, 1785/6-1872) Paul Pry, manuscript prompt book, titles and 118pp., title loose, central folds, browned, morocco-backed boards, worn, covers detached, spine defective, 8vo, 1826.⁂ Prompt book for one of the most popular plays of the nineteenth century.Prompt book made by R.J. Collier, prompter of the Theatre Royal, Hull, in 1826, for the production of Paul Pry which had first been performed at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, on 13th September 1825. Cast list as recorded here is that of the original London production, including: John Liston (c. 1776-1846), actor; played Paul Pry ("Paul Pry, with his catchphrase 'I hope I don't intrude', was a unique creation, dressed in baggy striped trousers tucked into hessian boots, tail coat, and top hat, and accompanied always by an umbrella" - (Oxford DNB); and Lucia Vestris [née Bartolozzi], (1797-1856), actress and singer ("a fashionable star... [Vestris] even acquired a signature tune when she introduced the song 'Cherry Ripe' into John Poole's Paul Pry at the Haymarket in 1825" - (Oxford DNB)."[John] Liston played the title role in Paul Pry, which opened at the Haymarket on 13 September 1825. 'Go where you would 40 years ago', noted The Times on 31 August 1866, 'you could not, by any means, avoid Paul Pry.' It was, perhaps, the most popular single piece on the London stage since The Beggar's Opera in 1728." - Oxford DNB.

Graphic Manuscript.- [?Chamberlayne (William John)] Ye Righte Merrie and Eventfulle Historie of ye Gallante & Noughtie Sir launcelot Knighte of ye Aunciente and noble order of ye Cocke & ye Bulle, manuscript illustrated in pen and ink throughout, title and 13pp., title loose and with a few tears in margins, a few other tears on other ff., slightly browned, unbound, folio, 1847.

Baptist preacher.- Spurgeon (Charles Haddon, pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle, 1834-1892) Autograph Letter signed to Mrs Forbes, of Culloden, 1p. of a bifolium, Balham, 5th July 1879, discussing her sick daughter and thanking her for a donation on her behalf, folds; and 2 others, from the same, both lithographed letters of thanks for donations with manuscript insertions, one with a long autograph note verso, all in an envelope addressed to Forbes, 8vo (4 pieces, including envelope)

[Eliot (George)].- Evans (Mary Anne, later married name Mary Ann Cross, novelist, 1819-80) Receipt signed "Mary Ann Cross" for £44 0s 4d from the trustees of her late father's estate, manuscript, signed by Eliot over a One Penny Inland Revenue stamp, folds, 125 x 200mm., June 1880.⁂ George Eliot married John Walter Cross (1840-1924) in 1880.

Thames.- Payne (Charles, Registrar of Twickenham) The Pleasure Steam Navigation on the River Thames: From its Rise to the present time, with fifty years personal recollections by The Author, manuscript, 177pp., ink stamp of "The Shiplovers Society of West Australia" on title, original half straight-grained morocco, gilt, rubbed, oblong 4to, October 1894.

Lees-Milne (James Henry, architectural historian and conservationist, 1908-97) Country House Book, 3 vol., autograph manuscript entries signed, c. 400pp., some crossings out, some edges reinforced with tape, a few small tears to edges, some browning, original boards, Alderley Grange, Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire (Lees-Milne's home 1961-1975), lge. oblong 4to, 1928-1975.⁂ The incomparable historian of the country house in the 20th century.Lees-Milne "almost single-handedly saved many of England's finest buildings and his industry was remarkable". - Oxford DNB.The manuscripts list the house, owners, period, illustrations, references (Pevsner, Colvin etc.) and notes on architectural features. Amongst those listed are some which are still in the hands of their historical owners, others are now in the care of The National Trust such as Ham House, Charlecote, Packwood, Mottisfont, The Vyne, Canons Ashby etc. Others were sold such as Sutton Park (Getty and other owners), Stoneleigh Abbey (Royal Agricultural Society), Wotton House (hotel) etc. Provenance: Typed Letter signed from Thrings & Long solicitors recording the gift in the will of Lees-Milne to J A Kenworthy-Browne, 1998.

Burke (Edmund) Reflections on the Revolution in France..., first edition, engraved portrait frontispiece (light-offsetting), early manuscript transcript to front endpaper and annotation to pp. 12 & 309, spotting to portrait margins and title, elsewhere a few isolated spots, modern half calf, 8vo, for J. Dodsley, 1790.

Coleridge family copy.- ?Cottonian binding.- Godwin (William) Lives of Edward and John Philips, nephews and pupils of Milton, first edition, half-title, 3 engraved portraits (including frontispiece), offsetting, occasional spotting, contemporary ?Cottonian binding of red and black patterned fabric over boards, manuscript label to spine, spine faded and worn at head and near foot, upper joint split, but holding, rubbed, 4to (binding 300 x 232mm.), Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1815.⁂ Cottonian bindings are associated with the library of the romantic poet Robert Southey. The books were covered by his own daughters, and those of other romantic poets, including Sara Coleridge and Dora Wordsworth. Provenance: Coleridge family copy (bookplate of Bernard, 2nd Baron Coleridge, and an 1857 signature of another unidentified member of the Coleridge family to front free endpaper).

William Davis (1812–1873)"Irby Mill"; a windmill by a country lane with sheep grazing to the fore,signed,oil on board,18 x 29cms, framed.Provenance: Loaned to Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool; 'Grand Loan Exhibition of Pictures' 1886 and 'Historical Exhibition of Liverpool Art' 1908 Loaned to Birkenhead Museum and Art Gallery.Reframed, with original picture backboard pasted with gallery labels, a photograph of the mill, and manuscript notes.

William Davis (1812–1873)"Pool at Moreton"; pastoral scene with young boy seated beside a pondsigned,oil on board,17 x 30cms, framed.Provenance: Loaned to Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool; 'Grand Loan Exhibition of Pictures' 1886 and 'Historical Exhibition of Liverpool Art' 1908 Loaned to Birkenhead Museum and Art Gallery.Reframed, with original picture backboard pasted with gallery labels and manuscript notes.

(Pytchley Hunt, Northamptonshire), a manuscript minute book for the Pytchley Hunt committee meetings held at Althorp House 1923-c.1939, predominantly chaired by Albert Edward John Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (1892-1975), known less formally as Jack Spencer, British Peer, Army Colonel, and the paternal grandfather of Diana, Princess of Wales, 340 pages of manuscript minutes from committee meetings covering the period 28 December 1923 to circa September 1939, each meeting with m/s entries detailing date, those present, description of matters discussed and decided, and signed off by the chairman etc, the first entry for 18. Dec. 1923 "Present: Lord Spencer, Chairman, Sir C.E. Frederick & Messrs J.W. Thornton, R.B. Loder, J.L. Cross, G.W. Jebbitt and J.Y. Castell...Mr Loder proposed...that Lord Wimborne be asked to serve on the committee in place of Lord Downe resigned, and that he be thanked for his purchase of Bramerton Covert...It was decided to form a small sub committee for dealing with subscriptions and claims for damage...A discussion took place with reference to members of the Pytchley Hunt being capped when hunting with the Woodland Pytchley...The masters having recommended the following names for the White Collar, it was decided that it be given accordingly:- the Hon. Mrs Verney Cave, Mr T.A. Verney Cave...Mr R. Jenkinson...Spencer", various other topics discussed at following meeteings, including Woodland Pytchley Capping, Foot & Mouth Disease suspension of capping, Brownings Claim, creation of Coverts, White Collar, wire fund, Guarantors, Subscriptions, etc etc, approx 50 separate signatures of Lord Spencer signing off meetings between 18 Dec. 1923 & February 20th 1935, with a few autograph letters sent by committee members to Lord Spencer during this period paper clipped in, and one or two other bits of associated ephemera also paper clipped in, plus two typed letters signed by Lord Spencer February/March 1935 regarding his resignation from the Chairmanship of the Pytchley Hunt, both on Althorp headed paper "Dear Freddie, I am grateful to you and Lancaster for your kindness in asking me to reconsider from resigning...I have given the matter my utmost consideration and have definitely come to the conclusion that in the present circumstances it will be quite impossible for me to continue to act as Chairman under any conditions whatsoever. Yours sincerely Spencer", dated February 20th 1935, the following period 1935 to c.1939 pages 262-340 with Sir George Stanley as Chairman and signing off meetings, a few relevant items/letters paper clipped in etc, 4to (24 x 19cm), contemporary half black leather gilt (worn)

A Victorian commonplace album circa 1878, containing 26 pages of manuscript pencil and well executed manuscript pen, ink & watercolour sketches, including botanical, flowers, people/costumes including Chinese, French, Swiss peasants etc, insects, animals, Country House, children, birds, birds eggs, musicians etc, 4to (approx size 27 x 22cm), contemporary half calf (worn), some leaves loose

A commonplace album circa 1820, containing manuscript extracts, poetry and prose, and 9 well executed pencil sketches of Surrey mainly architectural views, including Dorking Church; Abinger Church; Betchworth Castle; Mickleham Church; Epsom Church; Box Hill bridge; Deepdene House, Dorking; St Catharine's Hill near Guildford; St Martha's Chapel near Albury; plus 2 pen, ink and watercolour sketches of sea shells and flowers, contemporary decorative black leather gilt album, all edges gilt

Two mid 19th Century manuscript exercise books containing well executed penmanship/draughtsmanship, copperplate handwriting, sketches, pen, ink and watercolour maps etc, the first album containing 12 pages of manuscript entries including pen & ink sketch of Carisbrook Castle; pen, ink & watercolour of Union Flag, copperplate handwriting etc, original stitched paper wraps, "Daniel Tubby Octr. 2nd 1845" in pen and ink to top wrap, the second album with bold copperplate and hand coloured title page "Daniel Tubby 1846" + 14 pages of manuscript entries, including 6 full page pen, ink and watercolour maps England, Europe, Asia, N. & S. America, Africa, bold copperplate and watercolour penmanship, pen & ink sketch of carriage etc, original stitched paper wraps, some leaves loose (2)

A good quantity of typed and manuscript memoirs written circa 1920's-1950's, all relating to China and its diplomatic, geo-political and commercial relations with Britain, Russia and other Western and Asian countries covering the period circa late 19th Century to 1950's, included is an autograph letter signed by a "P. Federovsky" to Mrs Ker, Chairman of the Ladies Benevolent Society, dated Dec. 31st 1925 "...When we arrived at Tientsin - we had neither acquaintance nor means for life...through his grace you and Ladies Benevolent Society came to help us with the true Christian love, you gave us money to pay for our room, at last you gave us work...", possibly Pyotr Federovsky, Russian architect who lived in China?

A World War 1 souvenir album containing photographs, postcards, manuscript pen & ink sketches and entries, cuttings, scraps, lapel badges and other ephemera, the album compiled by a Mademoiselle Simone Lengrand, Villa Bérengere, Malo les Bain, near Dunkerque, Northern France, who appears to be a volunteer of the Red Cross Motor Service, contents include photos of Corporal L.H. Groves and his driver H.E. Abbott, General Headquarters, Driver Rob Howe, Royal Naval Division Transport, GHQ, North African soldiers, nurses of the Hospital Florence Fiennes, Dunkirk, identity card journee du 75 and souvenirs, photograph of Florence Fiennes Hospital 21-2-15, photograph of the celebrated war artist C.R.W. Nevinson (1889-1946), posing in front of ambulance, whilst serving as a volunteer in the Friends' Ambulance Unit (FAU), in which he briefly served tending wounded French and British soldiers during WW1, work he was deeply disturbed by, with relevant cutting opposite, photo of soldiers posing at Fort Roselieu, VErdun, March 1915, in front of heavy artillery piece, photos of infantry in busy streets of Dunkerque August 1914, photos of Nieuport bombed out April 1915, various photos of nurses Florence Fiennes Hospital, photographs Millicent Sutherland Ambulance Bourbourg August 1915, official documents for safe passage for Mlle. Lengrand issued by the prefecture de police, humorous pen & ink sketch "Le Friends Ambulance Unit - Me & My Work" depicting crashed ambulance and British soldier playing croquet, signed Sam Lithgow 15 august 1915, group photos French soldiers/infantry, pen, ink and watercolour sketch of a Flanders military camp, Bourbourg, 1914/15, signed Nora Walsh, pencil sketch Boesinghe church, 20 April 1915, postcards of aviators Roland Garros and M. Pegoud, pictorial cutting Nurse Edith Cavell, identity card S.Lengrand, souvenir badges, photos damaged buildings Dunkirk, photographic postcard of nurses at Anglo Russian Hospital, Petrograd, further photos of damaged for Roselieu, Verdun, etc etc, contents mainly 1914/1915, contemporary album, (worn, lacks backstrip, leaves loose and brittle)

THE TAY BRIDGE. A late 19th Century manuscript plan depicting the first Tay Bridge, Dundee, Scotland, to scale, showing tidal movements and structure, approx size 242 x 47cm, rolled. Plans for a bridge over the Tay to replace the train ferry service emerged in 1854, but the first Tay Bridge did not open until 1878. The bridge was designed by engineer Thomas Bouch, who received a knighthood following the bridge's completion. It was a lightweight lattice design of relatively low cost with a single track. On 28 December 1879, the bridge suddenly collapsed in high winds. The incident is one of the greatest bridge-related engineering disasters to have occurred. An enquiry determined that the bridge was insufficiently engineered to cope with high winds.

NAPOLEON ON ST HELENA, a collection of manuscript papers relating to the exile of Napoleon I (1769-1821) on St Helena, 1817-1818, including several manuscript letters bearing the signature "Le Comte Bertrand" (General Henri-Gatien Bertrand 1773-1844), Grand Marechal, head of the Military Household of emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, whom he followed in both the exiles to Elba and Saint-Helena, including the following letter "Copy/ Letter from Count Bertrand to the Governor Sir Hudson Lowe, Longwood 26 April 1818...I haveth honor to send you a letter...your officers which...within this half hour...the Emperor has...to receive it. You alone are charged with the ---- of the restrictions which the ---- of the 11 of April authorised your Government to ---- and it does not ---- --- to delegate your power. I was going to send a reply to your letter of the 21 ---- only received -------- I shall withhold it until you let me know if you require one. In the meantime I cannot avoid calling to your attention[?] that this day the 26 that -- for 14 days the Emperor has ---- continues deprived of medical attention[?]. There are the words expected by the Prince -- Doctor O'Meara when he came to take his leave of him on the 14th. They have had the ---- to attack my ---- you no longer enjoy that independence which is necessary for your assistance[?] to be of service to me. If then it is --- - ------ that you do not want to eprive the Emperor of his doctor ---- to him his rights & character[?] until the ------ of your Government shall arrive. I have the honor to be sir forever humble & most obedient servant ---- Le Comte Bertrand", this copy of a letter in two halves, plus several other letters presumably copies of letters by Henri Gatien Bertrand bearing signatures "Le Comte Bertrand", these also cut and in parts, mainly in the same hand, two in a different hand, both stated as being to Sir Hudson Lowe, Governor, one headed "Copy/ to the Governor! Longwood July 28th 1818", a/f, worn, the other on 1817 watermarked paper "In the name of the Emperor Napoleon I am ---- to protest 1. Against all visitation of the ----[?].... 2. Against the injuries done to Dr. O'Meara to oblige him to leave this place and against the obstructions open or covert which you have on many occasion to prevent Napoleon's being assisted in his disorder with the ---- and opinion of a medical practitioner in whom he may have confidence, accredited[?] to that service by this Britannic Majesty, or admitted to publicly exercise his junctions in the island. Against the ----, ---- and writings of the militia officer Lyster, who is only stationed at Longwood as an instrument of hatred and vengeance....Le Cte. Bertrand", another autograph note/letter, unknown hand, similar watermarked chain laid paper, bearing "Np" or "NB" signature in initials flourish to verso and dated 15 July 1818 below, another manuscript paper/letter in a different hand "Note written in the margin of Sir Thos Reades Letter to Count Bertrand Dated the 25th April 1818 - 1)I gave you to understand yesterday when you presented the letter to me that I would not condescend[?] to notice it and that you need not translate it to me, since it is not in the form which has been observed for three years 2) This fresh outrage only dishonours this ----, The King of England alone is entitled to treat with me upon an equality - 3) This crafty proceeding has one object, to prevent your exposing the criminal plot they have been contriving against my life for these two years past 4) Thus it is that affecting to open the doors to ch---- and complaints they shut them the closer 5) Thus it is that affecting a willingness to provide lodging and build a home for me, I have been kept three years in this unhealthy barn and no building has been yet commenced 6) Thus it is that affecting to allow me the liberty of riding on horseback they prevent me from so doing and from taking exercise by indirect means hence the primary cause of my illness... 9) Thus it is they are guilty of a characteristic falsehood in causing bulletins to be offered[?] by a Physician who has never seen me and who is ignorant both of my constitution and disorder but is well calculated to deceive the Prince and people of England - and of Europe", [2]pp, manuscript heading verso "Copy of letter from Napoleon Bonaparte April 27th 1818", this appears to continue on another leaf "10) They indulge in a ferocious smile, at the fresh sufferings this deprivation of the ------ of --- adds to this tedious agony - 11) Destine[?] this note to be sent to Lord Liverpool, and also your letter of yesterday.... that the Prince Regent mayknow who my assassin is and be able to publickly punish him 12) If he does not I bequeath the opprobrium of my death to the Reigning head of England. Signed Napoleon Longwood April 27th 1818", etc etc, with part of a contemporary envelope bearing manuscript words "Papers Relating to the exile of Napoleon at S[t Helena] Bonaparte with his own - Signatures -". All on laid paper, various watermarks, including Britannia watermark, "Gater 1815", "Superfine 1818" etc

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758-1805), a small quantity of ephemera relating to the death of Nelson, including invitation entrance ticket to the funeral of the late Vice Admiral Horatio Viscount Nelson, St Paul’s Cathedral, 1806, this ticket number 357 admitting “Revd Mr. Taylor (Chaplain of the late Viscount Nelson)”, (a/f), with large part loss affecting engraved area top right corner and right hand margin, also affected by toning; plus engraving of Nelson’s Funeral Car by William Thomas Fitzgerald, published by Edward Orme, 1806, toning to centre of engraved illustration; plus a manuscript contemporary document, "Lord Nelson’s Will" [2]pp, "Lord Nelson's Will, The Testamentary papers of the lamented Lord Nelson were yester-day proved in Doctor's Commons by Earl Nelson and Mr Haslewood the executors - the will is dated May 10th 1803 - and there are several codicils, all except one in his Lordship's hand writing - the latest of which bears date the 11th of September last. An annuity of £1000 a year is bequeathed to Viscountess Nelson widow of the deceased. The estate and Dukedom of Bronte are limited in such a manner as to accompany the Barony of Nelson...The most remarkable of presents he received from distinguished persons and from public bodies are distributed among his brother Lord Nelson and his two sisters, Mrs Bolton and Mrs Matcham, and to these in equal thirds, is bequeathed the residing estate. The legacies are not numerous, the only legacies to persons not of Lord Nelson's family are, to Lady Hamilton, to Mr Davison, to Captain Hardy, to Mr Haslewood, to Miss Horatio Nelson Thompson, to Mr John Scott (his Lordship's secretary who fell by his side in the fatal action off Cape Trafalgar) and to the Reverend Alexander John Scott. The House and furniture at MErton and sevenly acres of the adjoining land are given to Lady Hamilton, together with a legacy of £2000 and a rent charge on the Bronte Estate of £5000 a year during her life" (3)

An archive of science related books, papers and ephemera from the estate of Lord Alexander R. Todd (1907-1997), British biochemist who gained the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1957 "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"and was President of the Royal Society, items include 7 mounted photographs depicting members of Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory for the years 1946-1950, 1953 & 1954, each with manuscript list of those members present in photographs, of which Professor A.R. Todd present in middle of front row of each photograph; Schuck, Sohlman & others: 'Nobel, The Man and his Prizes', Stockholm, Sohlmans Forlag for The Nobel Foundation, [1950], 1st edition, Todd's personal copy as Nobel Laureate, 1957, inscribed to FFEP "With the Compliments of The Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, Dec 10th, 1957.", original cloth gilt; Lord Hailsham: 'Science and Politics', Faber, 1963, 1st edition, Lord Todd's personal copy, signed & inscribed to him by the author on FFEP "Todd from Hailsham. In gratitude for much kindness and good advice. H. May 63", original cloth, dust wrapper; Sir Peter B. Medawar: 'Advice to a Young Scientist', New York, Harper & Row, 1979, 1st edition, signed & inscribed to Alexander Todd to FFEP by author "To Alex Todd who started all this by inviting me to give a Charles Snow Lecture at Chrisit's. With all good wishes from Peter Medawar Nov.1979", original cloth gilt, dust wrapper; Butlerov, Couper, Kekulé & Markovnikov: 'Centenary of the theory of Chemical Structure', Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1961, orig. cloth gilt, ownership signature of Lord Todd to FFEP; Ernst Toller: 'Die Rache des Verhohnten Liebhabers', 1925, orig. cloth gilt, ownership signature to FFEP "Alexander R. Todd. Berlin. July 1925"; W. Watson: 'Intermediate Physics', 1923, 2nd edition, orig. cloth gilt, school prize bookplate Allan Glen's School 1923-24 awarded to Alexander Todd attached to FFEP; Norman H. Robinson: 'The Royal Society Catalogue of Portraits', L, The Royal Society, 1980, presentation card attached to FFEP inscribed "For Alex on his retirement as President of the Royal Society from his Officers November 1980" and signed John Mason, David Phillips, Michael Stoker & Morris Sugden, 4to, orig. cloth gilt, dust wrapper; plus various other books with Todd's ownership signatures or signed & inscribed to him, good quantity of scientific papers and booklets, several copies of Todd's printed Nobel lecture 'Synthesis in the Study of Necleotides', Stockholm, 1958, royal Society related booklets, etc etc.

A manuscript book containing a good quantity of circa late 18th to mid 19th Century entries, including cookery receipts, arithmetic, medical remedies, veterinary receipts, domestic receipts etc, over 160 pages of manuscript entries in total, including approx. 56 pages of arithmetic, including workings for stocks and bonds calculations, weights, various mathematical problems/hypotheses, geometrical progression, tables etc; approx. 42 pages of cookery recipes, including gingerbread pudding, mock champagne, ginger wine, sauce royal, Grantham gingerbread, plum pudding, apple snowballs, preserved vegetable marrow, raisin cheese, Cambridgeshire sauce, pickling kidney beans etc etc; remaining pages of entries mainly medical remedies/cures, some veterinary, including receipt for the gaunders, spermaceti ointment, purge after a cold, to kill worms, offensive feet, eye and mouth waters, a good salve for sore lips or nipples, salve for a burn or a scald, cure for neuralgia, camphor balls, receipt for limbago, paregoric elixir, tincture of opium, pomatum for the hair, opening pills for the piles, etc etc, plus a few pages of domestic receipts various oil colours/pigments etc, the m/s entries throughout in many different hands, a few pages with tape repairs/reinforcement along inner edge, some leaves loose, some other printed and manuscript receipts, letters and other material loosely inserted, some different names/addresses to front pastedown, and some receipts with names/dates beneath, contemporary half calf worn, lower joint very worn, lower board part detached

Richard Bentley (1854-1936), a collection of books and items by Richard Bentley, the last head of Richard Bentley & Son, the famous publishing firm. The company was founded by his grandfather, Richard Bentley (1794-1871), and it published some of the works of Charles Dickens, Benjamin Disraeli, William Harrison Ainsworth, Wilkie Collins, Marie Corelli and other notable authors. Richard took over the family business when his father died in 1895, and in 1898 the firm was dissolved and the stock and assets handed over to the company Macmillan. Items and books include, a "Bentley" branding iron, approx 13cm tall; a Richard Bentley giant pencil, printed in gilt, 21cm long, 3cm diameter, from his desk; 'Messrs. Bentley's Catalogue of New and Standard Works 1882', December 29th, 1881, with extra illustrations etc as well as the catalogue of standard novels, original cloth gilt, "Reference Copy" in gilt to front cover; 'Thomas Bentley 1730-1780 of Liverpool, Etruria, and London', Guildford, 1927, one of 75 copies only, privately published, xi,96pp, original half cloth gilt; 'John Bentley Knight, Vice-Admiral of the White and one time an Extra Commissioner of the Navy', Guildford, 1921, one of 75 copies only, privately published, xvi,112pp, original cloth gilt; 'A Brief Note Upon the Battles of Saintes and Mauron 1351 and 1352', Guildford, 1918, one of 100 copies only, privately published, viii,68pp, orig. quarter japanese vellum gilt; 'Some Leaves from the Past. Swept together by R[ichard].B[entley].', Privately Printed, 1896, viii,184pp, various additions including cuttings, manuscript notes etc Bentley family history, original cloth gilt; 'Richard Bentley & Son. Reprinted from 'Le Livre' of October 1885 with some additional notes July 1886', 1886, limited edition, one of 250 copies for private distribution only, unnumbered/out of series, [8],39pp, original half cloth over decorative embossed paper covered boards; 'The Will of Thomas Bentley, M.D. Second President of the royal College of Physicians and Doctor to King Henry VIII with a brief note on his career', 1913, 28pp, original printed wraps; plus 1 other similar (10)

An original unpublished manuscript by Harry Henry (1916-2008), titled 'Lewis Carroll and the Subconscious', dated October 1932, "Published by the Upton Press, Unlimited", and with m/s text opposite title page "This edition is strictly limited to one copy, signed and illustrated in pen & ink by the author", 8 page manuscript study + 3 full page m/s pen & ink illustrations, "Any student of the life and works of Lewis Carroll...cannot have failed to have been struck by a...presentiment - that hidden in his words is something of the esoteric, or, at least, of the subconscious. This may be purely unintentional on the author's part. He himself always emphatically disclaimed ever having written any serious or solemn meaning into his verse. Yet..when..discussing himself, he was quite untrustworthy, his love of fun overcoming his passion for truth...it is quite possible that while he did not intentionally put any great truths into his work, yet his subconscious may have had a vast effect in the shaping of his thoughts...Living as he did a solitary and somewhat morose existence, it is obvious he must have become in some degree introspective and self analytical. For example, he himself says * In 'Principles of Parliamentary Representation', p.35,II.28,29 "Very often it seems to me as though I am, and yet at the same time I am not, what I am; for, after all, what am I?"...His biographer, Edward Lloyd, a contemporary and a close friend of Dodgson, said of him: "Up to the age of 35 it seemed to his more observant friends and acquaintances that the hereditary madness of the Dodgson family was becoming manifest in him. Howbeit, after that age he became quite normal, only relapsing into the eccentric when engaged on some new work of fancy or imagination." This seems quite satisfactorily to bear out the general facts of the theory here put forward: namely, that until the writing of the Jabberwocky - immortal, certainly, but how full of subconscious meaning - his eccentricity could find no outlet save in peculiar and striking ways...Let us first take the Jabberwocky, from 'through the Looking-Glass.'...The third verse: "He took his vorpal sword in handLong time the manxome foe he soughtSo rested he by the Tumtum treeAnd stood awhile in thought." is by far the most important. It is obvious *this view is supported by Paul Selver and James Joyce - two very great authorities on Carroll. *that the Jabberwock - 'the jaws that bite, the claws that catch' - represents the many and rampant forces of death, destruction and annihilation. This is amplified by the adjective 'manxome' - a portmanteau word combining manevolent, suicidal, and doom.+So the author says in a letter to Alice Liddell, dated June, 1872..." and so on, the manuscript signed H. Henry at page 8 at the conclusion of the words, and the following 3 pages of pen & ink illustrations each signed by him, small 4to, contemporary silk binding with manuscript pen & ink title written on front cover. Harry Henry (1916-2008) was seen by many as the father of the market research industry in Britain. A former director of the Thomson Organisation, he changed the face of newspaper publishing in Britain. He was an innovator in all aspects of marketing and the media, and there are few key industry research bodies on which he did not serve in a distinguished capacity. In 1965 he was responsible for the introduction to Britain of Yellow Pages directories, his single main achievement. During WW2 he was principal statistician of 21 Army Group in the invasion of Europe 1944-45 where he was the "father" of military statistical analysis, for which he does not get the credit he deserves. During this period he demonstrated the inverse proportion between military speed of advance and the increase in rate of V.D. He married into the literary and academic family, the Ansteys, of whom the best known was the late Victorian humourist. This interesting unpublished manuscript was written age 16 or 17 (1932).

(Bloomsbury Group, Garsington), Sir Julian Huxley (1887-1975), English biologist, philosopher, educator, and author who greatly influenced the modern development of embryology, systematics, and studies of behaviour and evolution, co founder of WWF and first director general of UNESCO. A visitors book/autograph album containing over 250 autographs spanning the period 1938-1975 including many authors, artists, scientists and other prominent intellectual, social and cultural figures of the 20th Century in the circle of Julian Huxley and his wife Juliette Huxley, Lady Huxley (1896–1994), born Marie Juliette Baillot, the Swiss-French sculptor and writer. Juliette Huxley (née Baillot) met Lady Ottoline Morrell at Oxford Railway Station during the First World War to be interviewed for the position of governess to the family. This led to her introduction to the exotic and stimulating world of Garsington Manor, Oxfordshire, where she met all the Bloomsbury characters, including Bertrand Russell, Lytton Strachey, the painter Mark Gertler and the Huxley brothers Aldous, and Julian whom she later married. Signatures include H.G. Wells (1866-1946), who co-authored the book 'The Science of Life', 1929-30, with Julian Huxley and G.P. Wells; Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), writer and philosopher, brother of Julian Huxley; Freya Stark (1893-1993), explorer and travel writer known to have corresponded with Juliette Huxley (3 separate signatures on different leaves of album); Henry Moore (1898-1986), artist and sculptor, known to have corresponded with Juliette Huxley and was the recipient of an elephant skull as a gift from her in 1966; Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), mathematician, philosopher and public intellectual, contemporary of Julian Huxley and fellow atheist, known to have corresponded with Juliette Huxley (2 separate signatures on different leaves); May Sarton (1912-1995), poet & novelist, who had affairs with both Julian and Juliette Huxley, with Julian in 1936, of which Juliette was aware of, and with Juliette a romance over time, a relationship Julian was not aware of. Juliette broke this off during a week they spent together in Paris in 1948 because of Sarton's threat to tell Julian. After his death they resumed their correspondence. Sarton's letters to and from Juliette, whom she described as the incomparable one, were published in 1999 (2 separate signatures on different leaves); S.S. Koteliansky (1880-1955), Ukrainian translator of Russian literature into English, great friend of D.H. Lawrence, and Leonard and Virginia Woolf; Stephen Spender (1909-1995), poet & novelist, old friend of Julian Huxley from Oxford University (3 separate signatures on different leaves); Edward McKnight Kauffer (1890-1954), artist, graphic designer, illustrator; Marion Dorn (1896-1964), textile designer, wife of E. McKnight Kauffer; Clare Leighton (15898-1989), artist, writer, illustrator; Yehudi Menuhin (1916-1999), violinist and conductor; Nettie Huxley Roller (singer); Michael Huxley (1899-1979), foreign office; David Huxley; Sthephen L. Courtauld & Virginia Courtauld, philanthropists; Samuel Eliot Morison (American Historian); Hans T. Clarke (biochemist); Rebecca Clarke (composer and violinist); Ruth Pitter (1897-1992), poet, several separate signatures on different leaves, plus 16 line m/s poem by her, entitled "The Bush-Baby. Gallego Moholi", signed at foot and dated 1939; Jules Supervielle (1884-1960), Franco-Uruguayan poet, 6 line m/s poem in French "pour Madame Huxley Un boeuf gris de la Chine..." signed Jules Supervielle and dated Mai 1947; Erika Von Meiss-Tauffen; S. Zuckerman (Zoologist); E.W. Macbride (Zoologist); Hilda Matheson (Radio Producer); William Holford (Architect); Magdalena Gross (Polish Sculptor); Violet Hammersley (Edwardian Socialite); Henry & Irina Moore; Rosalind Huxley (second wife of Leonard Huxley, father of Julian and Aldous Huxley; Charles Galton Darwin (1887-1962); Camille Mayran (French woman of letters); Simon Bussy (French artist); Dorothy Bussy (née Strachey, wife of Simon Bussy); Oliver St. John Gogarty (Irish Poet); David Low (Cartoonist); F.W. Ogilvie (British broadcasting executive); Alexander Carr-Saunders (biologist); Theodora Benson (writer); Jasper Ridley (author); Beryl de Zoete (ballet dancer); J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics, one of the founders of neo-Darwinism, contemporary of Julian Huxley; Jane Drew & Edwin Maxwell Fry (architects); Anne R. Huxley; Alan Best (Canadian sculptor and natural historian, worked for Julian Huxley at London Zoo, and tutored his 2 sons, taught Juliette Huxley to sculpt); Bernard Miles (actor); Otto Lous Mohr (professor of anatomy); C.D. Darlington (biologist); Herman Muller (U.S. geneticist); Tom G. Longstaff (doctor, explorer, mountaineer); Patrick Blackett (physicist); Leonard Elmhurst (philanthropist and Agronomist); Boris Anrep (Russian artist); Mimi de Gielgud (French actress); Anthony Huxley (botanist, son of Julian and Juliette Huxley) and his wife Anne; Julian Trevelyan (artist); Francis Huxley (botanist and anthropologist, son of Julian and Juliette Huxley); Joseph Needham (biochemist); Jonathan Kingdon (zoologist); Murdoch Mitchison (zoologist); Otto Klineberg (Canadian psychologist); J.D. Bernal (Irish scientist); E.W. MacBride (marine biologist); William Holford (architect); Marjorie Holford (mural painter); Lady Goschen; Clarmont Skrine (British civil servant, explorer); Monica & Roy Flaherty; Herbert Whitman; Noel Murphy; Button Walshaw; Cynthia Stephens; Bridget Tallents; Marshall Bartholomew (musica artist); Nathan Leites (sociologist and political scientist); Sarvepalli Rhadakrishnan (1888-1975), Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd president of India 1962-1967; Prem Purachatra (1915-1981), Thai prince who worked as a diplomat, English instructor, publisher, poet, playwright, and author; Gottfried Salomon-Delatour (sociologist); L.P. Hartley (1895-1972), novelist; Paulo Carneiro (1901-1982), Brazilian chemist; Ronald Lockley (1903-2000), Ornithologist & naturalist; Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979), Argentine writer and intellectual, founder of the important literary magazine 'Sur', 2 separate signatures on different leaves; Zhores A. Medvedev (1925-2018), Russian agronomist, biologist, historian and dissident; plus many others signatures. Juliette Huxley accompanied her husband throughout his career and travelled extensively. In 1963 she published Wild Lives of Africa based on these travels. The album appears to reflect the Huxley's travels, with some of the autographs throughout dated and stating places (in many instances presumably the place where signed, in some instances perhaps the home address of the signer). The first entry in the album by Samuel Eliot Morison dated June 23, 1938, a signature by Yvonne Russell dated November 9th 1938 stating "Kampala, Uganda", the Huxley's visited East Africa many times during the 1930's. The section of the album with signatures covering the period 1947/1948 is headed "Paris", includes several French nationals signatures, one page in this section also headed "17 bis Avenue Foch", one of the signatures of May Sarton is also in this section, this all seems to coincide with Julian Huxley's UNESCO years and the Huxley's years in Paris. The album with 30 pages of manuscript signatures (over 250 signatures in total), and largely in chronological order, majority of entries/sigs in the 1930's and 1940's, appears to be no entries in the 1950's, and entries/sigs fewer in the 1960's/70's than earlier in the album, the final signature being Victoria Ocampo, 9.3.75, the only entry after the date Julian Huxley died (14/2/75). Contemporary decorative floral cloth covered boards (approx 29 x 26cm). A unique and fascinating album of autographs of the circle of eminent friends, family and associates of Julian and Juliette Huxley

A collection of fourteen various volumes relating to Islam, The Quran etc, including E.M. Wherry: 'A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran: Comprising Sale's Translation and Preliminary Discourse, with Additional Notes and Emendations. Together with A Complete Index to the Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes', London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited, 1896, 4 volumes, uniform original cloth gilt. A scarce early copy of this fundamental 4-volume study of the Quran. The text is important not only for being one of the first comprehensive commentaries of the Quran in English, but also in the broader context of the history of Christian-Muslim relations. Its author, Elwood Morris Wherry (1843-1927), was a Christian theologian, and his commentary on the Quran stemmed from his work on an edition he issued of the Quran in Roman Urdu intended for use by missionaries in India; Sir William Muir, 2 titles: 'The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline and Fall, from Original Sources', L, RTS, 1892, 2nd edition revised, 3 folding maps as called for, original cloth gilt, 'The Life of Mohammed, from Original Sources', Edinburgh, 1912, new and revised edition, 9 plates/folding maps & plans as called for, orig. cloth gilt; T.J. De Boer: 'The History of Philosophy in Islam', L, Luzac, 1903, orig. cloth gilt; Klein: 'The Religion of Islam', L, Kegan Paul et al, 1906, orig. cloth gilt (worn); a book containing 28 pages of manuscript Christian hymns in Arabic for North Africa, with similar printed pages bound in at end, ownership signature to rear pastedown "Craggs Simpson 1925", contemporary red cloth (slightly worn); a circa early 20th Century printed Quran, in contemporary leather binding (slightly worn); James Haldane: Missionary Romance in Morocco', L, Pickering & Inglis, [1937], 1st edition, frontis + 15 mainly full page ills. from photos as called for, orig. cloth; plus 3 others similar (14)

A manuscript document, Slave Registry Department, Cape Town, 1824, a certificate that a slave named Mina has not been mortgaged "...I certify that the female slave named Mina the property of Mr Hendrik Daniel Vos, Jan Hendrick's son, does not appear to be mortgaged in the books of this department. Jas. Gunn 2nd Clerk". A Sobering historical document.

Walter Rye: 'Norfolk Families', Norwich, Goose & Son, 1913-15, 1st edition, 6 parts complete in two, issued to subscribers, ex-collection of the late Captain Anthony Hammond with manuscript amendments and additions and a quantity of relevant letters, cuttings etc loosely inserted, old half calf gilt, marbled boards, original wraps bound in at end of each volume, formerly from the collection of the late Ron Fiske of North Walsham and Morningthorpe Manor, esteemed local historian, bibliophile and collector, and latterly from the collection of Father Peter Harris, with his bookplates to front pastedowns (2)

Author Anthony Horowitz Signed TLS Dated 7 Apr 2006 and Signed Manuscript from The Greek That Stole Christmas. Good condition. All autographs come with a Certificate of Authenticity. We combine postage on multiple winning lots and can ship worldwide. UK postage from £5.99, EU from £7.99, Rest of World from £9.99

Jersey history interest - An 8th century Jersey family's manuscript account book, first date 1771. No cover and stained.

Jersey WW2 German Occupation and Jersey Opera House interest, original manuscript of the play ‘At Mrs Beam’s’, performed by the Jersey Green Room Club at the Jersey Opera House 9th-14th February 1942, inscribed in ink ‘Submitted Alexander Coutanche, Bailiff 8/XII/41’ and inscribed in pencil ‘approved by the field Command. Az Pol 02-11 30 Dec 1941’; together with a scrap book containing seventy-five Jersey Occupation Opera House, Forum and Wests Cinema programmes; plus the propaganda news sheet dropped on Jersey by the British during the Occupation ‘Nachrichten fur die Troupper’, 21 September 1944. (3)

An early 16th century French manuscript, written in Latin on vellum, dated and inscribed to the top margin "1502. 7 aoust. noble Claudo Bruni...", the reverse inscribed "No16 1502 7 aoust noble Claudo Bruni Receiveu du duc des B....ye à Poncin et à Cerdon pour le Emolument de la Justice, Ducale.....", 18 x 8¼in. (45.75 x 21cm.), faults. Two large holes and one smaller to top quarter of the sheet and small tear to left hand margin along an old crease. Some creasing and fold marks. Large ink stain upper left. The reverse dark toned and with some white (mould?) staining to surface.

A collection of twelve cranberry glass wines, Dresden bocage candle sconce (damaged and with candle holders missing), art glass paperweight, black glass lion chimney ornament, two Tuscan China blue ground and floral decorated plates, a Wedgwood blue jasper stand, five various hat pins, tooled leather bound manuscript book, the frontispiece inscribed "Lady Ashbrook - favourite airs, Polonaise, Grand Marches &c for the piano-forte" containing various musical scores and a leather bound book of various printed musical scores inscribed to front "C M Baker (Catherine Mary Baker of The Chase, Tilney, All Saints, Kings Lyn)"

A Tibetan manuscript in lacquered vellum boards 40 x 17 x 6 cm deep

Manuscript book of music scores, by Lucie Caroline Moore, Lawnsdowne, 1840, half-calf with marbled boards, 53pp.

A George III mahogany Pembroke tableCirca 1775The rectangular top with an ovolo moulded edge above an opposing frieze carved to each end with rosette-hung husk festoons centred by a flowerhead, on square fluted tapering legs terminating in block feet, 39cm wide x 47cm deep x 72.5cm high, (15in wide x 18 1/2in deep x 28 1/2in high)Footnotes:The carved element to each opposing end on the frieze of the present lot is similar in design to a manuscript drawing by Thomas Chippendale, which is inscribed: 'Chipindale', and appears illustrated in C. Gilbert, The Life and Work of Thomas Chippendale, Vol. I, 1978, London, fig. 26, p. 15.This lot is subject to the following lot symbols: TPTP Lot will be moved to an offsite storage location (Cadogan Tate, Auction House Services, 241 Acton Lane, London NW10 7NP, UK) and will only be available for collection from this location at the date stated in the catalogue. Please note transfer and storage charges will apply to any lots not collected after 14 calendar days from the auction date.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com

MUSSOLINI BENITO: (1883-1945) Italian Fascist Dictator of World War II. Executed. An excellent content and rare early Autograph Manuscript by Mussolini, three pages, 4to, n.p. [Rome], n.d. [April 1925], in Italian. Mussolini´s bold black ink manuscript is entitled `Prime Osservazioni´, ("Initial Observations"), contains multiple corrections, amendments, crossed and underlined sentences, some underlined in blue pencil,and relates to his opinions on the proposal of reforms in the Italian army presented by General Antonino Di Giorgio, Minister of war, stating in part `…L´ordinamento costringerá ad una dura battaglia perché investe in pieno la routine di talune mentalitá professionali…´ ("…The legal system will force a hard battle because it fully affects the routine of certain professional mentalities...") Mussolini considers the armed forces reforms proposal of law courageous because it would get rid of the conventional lies, saying `…per molti individui, l´esercito non è già lo strumento che la nazione si prepara per defendersi, ma è uno strumento di parata, di ordine pubblico, di difesa delle istituzioni..´ ("…for many individuals, the army is not yet the instrument that the nation is preparing to defend itself, but it is an instrument of parade, of public order, of defence of institutions...") Further again Mussolini concludes stating `…un ordinamento senza foglia di fico..´, the metaphorical expression refers to Adam and Eve fig leaf, indicating the intention to conceal a dishonest action, pretending to do one thing but actually doing another very different, hiding the true situation, and for this reason he is in favour of removing the fig leaf from the regulations and explain openly the real situation. Including a full transcription of the manuscript. Very small overall age wear, with pinholes to the corners, and few very small holes to the last page, none affecting the text. Very small minor traces of former affixing to corners, otherwise G Antonino Di Giorgio (1867-1932) Italian General. Participated in World War One. Minister of war 1924-25 under Mussolini. Both the Superior Council of the Army and the Senate rejected Di Giorgio´s reform of the Armed Forces.

HITLER ADOLF: (1889-1945) Fuhrer of the Third Reich 1933-45. An historically important Autograph Manuscript, unsigned, two pages, 4to, n.p. (Munich?) n.d. (February 1925), in German. The holograph notes were prepared by Hitler in advance of a speech (the first following his release from prison) he delivered in Munich's Burgerbraukeller on 27th February 1925. In the upper left corner Hitler has penned the year 1918 followed by the questions 'What had happened?' and 'Just what went wrong', continuing with a diagram separating the political parties 'on the Left "Proletariat"….Marxism….finished for good due to criminality' and 'on the Right "Bourgeoisie"……bourgeois parties….broke down due to cowardice' and also including the 'Volunteer Corps - Nationalist Organisations, Citizens Defending Themselves', the manuscript continuing with other relevant points he intended to deliver within the speech, 'Stick to the facts. Parties reject violence (cowardly). Associations are non-political (stupid. They keep pulling their chestnuts out of the fire). During all this the nation is destroyed, plundered domestically and internationally. Could anything still help? Founding of the NSDAP [National Socialist German Workers' Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party] Goal. Programme', and to the second page Hitler writes further notes, 'Development. 1919-20-21-22-23. 8th November Result: Inflation. 1924 Parliament. Struggle within the movement. Did anyone care about us? No. My release. December 1924, February 27th 1925. Buttmann. The division is impending. I and Held. I and Rohm. I and Ludendorff. Lies. The old movement……The movement? In a different Germany. Here.' Autograph material of Adolf Hitler is extremely rare in any form, and the present notes are of particular significance in Hitler's rise to power, this particular speech representing a landmark moment in the re-establishing of the Nazi Party and Hitler cementing his position as 'der Fuhrer'. A couple of extremely minor, very small holes at the intersection of a couple of folds, VG'If anyone comes and tries to make conditions to me then I say to him: friend, wait and see what conditions I have to make to you. I am not wooing the masses. After a year you shall judge, my party comrades; if I have not acted correctly, then I shall place my office in your hands again. But until that moment this is the rule: I lead the movement alone, and no one shall set me conditions so long as I personally bear the responsibility. And I once more bear entire responsibility for everything that happens in the movement' (extract from Adolf Hitler's two-hour speech delivered at the Burgerbraukeller, Munich, 27th February 1925)Hitler joined the tiny German workers party in 1919, He quickly became its leader. On 9 November 1923, at the height of the great German inflation (on 20 November, one U.S. dollar was equal to four trillion German marks), Hitler risked a coup. He led his followers through the streets of Munich to the Feldherrnhalle, a war memorial, where waiting police opened fire. Sixteen of Hitler's followers were killed; Hitler himself was arrested, and after a trial that he turned into a political platform, he was sentenced to four years in prison. The party was banned, and its remnants degenerated into squabbling factions. Hitler stood outside the fray, using his time in prison to write Mein Kampf. He was released in December 1924 after serving only nine months of his term, and set about rebuilding the party. The authorities lifted the ban on the Nazi Party on 16 February 1925. Hitler now arranged one of his rhetorical masterpieces: a mass meeting on 27 February to re-establish the party. He chose the same beer hall from which he had launched his abortive revolution fifteen months earlier. Three thousand people packed the hall, and several thousand more were turned away. He entered to the passionate applause of the audience, and gave [a] two hour speech….Its first three-quarters offered nothing that most in the audience had not already heard, and would hear again in Hitler's future speeches. He reviewed Germany's history, claiming that past conservative parties had no contact with the masses, and that leftist parties pretended to address the problems faced by ordinary Germans, but actually served the interests of the Jews who controlled them. He also outlined his views on propaganda. In the last quarter of the speech, he moved to re-establish his control of the party. He claimed absolute authority. Anyone unwilling to obey could go his own way. Hitler 'forgave' those who had made mistakes in his absence, and demanded that there be no criticism of him or the party for a year. The audience responded with enthusiasm. After the speech, Hitler had arranged…..'a piece of pure theatre'. The Nazi leaders who had fought for supremacy while Hitler was in prison all 'mounted the platform and, among emotional scenes, with many standing on chairs and tables and the crowd pressing forward from the back of the hall, shook hands, forgave each other, and swore undying loyalty to the leader'……The speech succeeded. Hitler once again was absolute leader of the party' (from Landmark Speeches of National Socialism, edited by Randall L. Bytwerk, Texas A&M University Press, 2008)