An Italic quatrefoil bronze spectacle fibula Circa 9th-7th Century B.C.Composed of four coiled wire spirals, with cruciform back support, the pin missing, 10cm wideFootnotes:Provenance:Private collection, London.Anonymous sale; Bonhams, London, 10 June 1997, lot 2. Celtic and Prehistoric Museum collection, Ireland, acquired from the above sale.Quatrefoil spectacle fibulae most commonly occur in Italy and Sicily although the form probably originated in the Balkans and Greece. Spectacle fibulae have been found in pairs in burials, positioned on the shoulders of the deceased. There is a similar quatrefoil example in the Harvard Art Museum, object no. 1987.135.9.Lots 134-145 have been exhibited at the Celtic & Prehistoric Museum on the Dingle Peninsula, Republic of Ireland. This private museum was founded by musician and antiquarian, Harris Moore in 1998. While travelling extensively and immersing himself in museums and antiquarian shops on the continent, Harris developed a deep passion for the form and simplicity of prehistoric stone implements. Over time, he cultivated relationships with several prominent 20th century collectors of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Age European material. Objects acquired from these collections formed the basis of what is now an extensive and eclectic collection at the Museum. A native of Connecticut, Harris elected to settle on the west coast of Ireland, an area steeped not only in natural beauty, but also rich in ancient monuments which perennially draw many visitors to the region. This dynamic museum continues to evolve; the proceeds from this offering will fund improvements in preparation for its re-opening to the public in the Spring.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com
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A large Romano-Celtic bronze trumpet whorl roundel Circa 1st-2nd Century A.D.The openwork design with curled tendrils of the 'trumpet' style, with three circular attachment holes on the outer edge and one original bronze rivet remaining, 13.6cm wideFootnotes:Provenance:with Maurice Braham, London, 1990s. Celtic and Prehistoric Museum collection, Ireland, acquired from the above.For related examples, see D.G. Mitten and S.F. Doeringer (eds), Master Bronzes of the Classical World, Mainz, 1968, p. 312, no. 314a and b.Lots 134-145 have been exhibited at the Celtic & Prehistoric Museum on the Dingle Peninsula, Republic of Ireland. This private museum was founded by musician and antiquarian, Harris Moore in 1998. While travelling extensively and immersing himself in museums and antiquarian shops on the continent, Harris developed a deep passion for the form and simplicity of prehistoric stone implements. Over time, he cultivated relationships with several prominent 20th century collectors of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Age European material. Objects acquired from these collections formed the basis of what is now an extensive and eclectic collection at the Museum. A native of Connecticut, Harris elected to settle on the west coast of Ireland, an area steeped not only in natural beauty, but also rich in ancient monuments which perennially draw many visitors to the region. This dynamic museum continues to evolve; the proceeds from this offering will fund improvements in preparation for its re-opening to the public in the Spring.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com
A Romano-Celtic bronze trumpet whorl roundel Circa 1st-2nd Century A.D.The openwork design with curled tendrils of the 'trumpet' style, 11cm diam.Footnotes:Provenance:B. R. collection, 1980s. Anonymous sale; Gorny and Mosch, Munich, 17 December 2014, lot 345.Celtic and Prehistoric Museum collection, Ireland, acquired from the above sale.Cf. a similar example in the Seattle Art Museum, Eugene Fuller Memorial Collection, acc. no. 59.23.Lots 134-145 have been exhibited at the Celtic & Prehistoric Museum on the Dingle Peninsula, Republic of Ireland. This private museum was founded by musician and antiquarian, Harris Moore in 1998. While travelling extensively and immersing himself in museums and antiquarian shops on the continent, Harris developed a deep passion for the form and simplicity of prehistoric stone implements. Over time, he cultivated relationships with several prominent 20th century collectors of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Age European material. Objects acquired from these collections formed the basis of what is now an extensive and eclectic collection at the Museum. A native of Connecticut, Harris elected to settle on the west coast of Ireland, an area steeped not only in natural beauty, but also rich in ancient monuments which perennially draw many visitors to the region. This dynamic museum continues to evolve; the proceeds from this offering will fund improvements in preparation for its re-opening to the public in the Spring.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com
Two Nordic hardstone mace heads Neolithic Period, circa 3000 B.C.Each disc-shaped with rounded edges, with central circular perforation with raised collar, red 9cm diam., mottled grey 8.6cm diam. (2)Footnotes:Provenance:Reputedly found in Eskholt, Denmark, in 1937.B. Olsen collection, Greenland, 1990. V. Rohde collection, Denmark, 1993. Celtic and Prehistoric Museum collection, Ireland, acquired from the above.Lots 134-145 have been exhibited at the Celtic & Prehistoric Museum on the Dingle Peninsula, Republic of Ireland. This private museum was founded by musician and antiquarian, Harris Moore in 1998. While travelling extensively and immersing himself in museums and antiquarian shops on the continent, Harris developed a deep passion for the form and simplicity of prehistoric stone implements. Over time, he cultivated relationships with several prominent 20th century collectors of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Age European material. Objects acquired from these collections formed the basis of what is now an extensive and eclectic collection at the Museum. A native of Connecticut, Harris elected to settle on the west coast of Ireland, an area steeped not only in natural beauty, but also rich in ancient monuments which perennially draw many visitors to the region. This dynamic museum continues to evolve; the proceeds from this offering will fund improvements in preparation for its re-opening to the public in the Spring.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com
Two Bronze Age necklaces Circa 1st Millennium B.C.Comprising a bronze hollow coiled tubular wire necklace with eleven open-work crescentic pendants, 66cm long; and a necklace composed of tubular coiled wire beads interspersed with scroll pendants, the central double lobed pendant with punched decoration, both re-strung, 34cm long (2)Footnotes:Provenance:Private collection, Munich.with Kai Schmidt, Cologne, 1990s.Celtic and Prehistoric Museum collection, Ireland, acquired from the above.Lots 134-145 have been exhibited at the Celtic & Prehistoric Museum on the Dingle Peninsula, Republic of Ireland. This private museum was founded by musician and antiquarian, Harris Moore in 1998. While travelling extensively and immersing himself in museums and antiquarian shops on the continent, Harris developed a deep passion for the form and simplicity of prehistoric stone implements. Over time, he cultivated relationships with several prominent 20th century collectors of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Age European material. Objects acquired from these collections formed the basis of what is now an extensive and eclectic collection at the Museum. A native of Connecticut, Harris elected to settle on the west coast of Ireland, an area steeped not only in natural beauty, but also rich in ancient monuments which perennially draw many visitors to the region. This dynamic museum continues to evolve; the proceeds from this offering will fund improvements in preparation for its re-opening to the public in the Spring.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com
A Cypriot Bichrome Ware terracotta model boat Iron Age, Cypro-Archaic, circa 600-400 B.C.The oval craft with rounded prow and stern, both the interior and exterior decorated with red and umber stripes, 12.5cm longFootnotes:Provenance:Michel Holley collection, Paris, acquired in the 1970s.For another example of a small model boat decorated with red and black stripes, see D. Morris, The Art of Ancient Cyprus, Oxford, 1985, pl. 289, p. 263. These model boats/canoes became particularly popular in the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age. They sometimes carry a single human figure shown holding onto the sides of the canoe, as Dr Morris suggests, 'waiting for a suitable current to sweep him away to the afterlife'.Michel Holley (b. 1924) is a noted architect, and sailing enthusiast. M. Holley studied architecture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, in the studio of Otello Zavaronia, and was elected Grand Massier in 1954. A keen member of the Royal Ocean Racing Club, M. Holley took part in the 1973 Cowes Admiralty Cup with the Izenah IV. His love of the nautical inspired his collection, which though drawn from the breadth of the Greek, Roman and Egyptian cultures, is bound by a fascination with seafaring. Formed in the early 1970s, this collection comes to auction for the first time.For further information on this lot please visit Bonhams.com
A Victorian copper chocolate pot with flared cylindrical body and side handle, 25 cm, sold together with a 19th century copper iron handled saucepan, 9 cm. CONDITION REPORT: Some soldering repair to the chocolate pot handle and dents to base rim, otherwise generally good for its age, the saucepan is in used condition with minor dents and some pitting to the handle.
Reisebesteck im Etui 18. Jh. Ausklappbares Messer und dreizinkige Gabel, Griffschalen aus Bein mit kleinen Applikationen belegt. Klinge u. Zinken aus Eisen. L. 14,5 cm. - Vgl. Marquardt, Europäische Essbestecke aus 8 Jhdt., S. 146. - Deutliche Altersspuren. Travel cutlery in case 18th century Folding knife and three-pronged fork, leg handles covered with small applications. Blade and prongs of iron. L. 14,5 cm. - Cf. Marquardt, Europäische Essbestecke aus 8 Jhdt. p. 146 - Clear signs of age.
Degen mit Passauer Wolf 18. Jh. Beidseitig gekehlte, leicht gebogene Rückenklinge mit Passauer Wolf, ortwärts geformter Parierbogen und eckiger Bügel, Holzgriff, Lederscheide. Eisen. L. 82 cm. - Altersspuren. Sword with Passau wolf 18th c. Slightly curved back blade with grooves on both sides, with Passau wolf, localized parry bow and angular guard, wooden grip, leather scabbard. Iron. L. 82 cm. - Signs of age.
Drei Taschenuhrenständer mit zwei Taschenuhren 18./19. Jh. Figürliche Ständer aus Eisenguss und Porzellan mit kleiner Silber-Taschenuhr sowie geschnitzter Holzständer mit polychrom gefasstem Emailzifferblatt. H. 14,5 bis 20 cm. - Altersspuren. Uhrenersatzteile, Uhrwerk Three pocket watch stands with two pocket watches 18th/19th century Figure stand made of cast iron and porcelain with a small silver pocket watch and carved wooden stand with polychrome enamel dial. H. 14,5 to 20 cm. - Signs of age. clockwork
Türschloss 17. Jh. Dekoratives Kapellenschloss mit rechteckiger, Ranken verzierter Platte. Eisen. 33 x 18 x 12 cm. - Ohne Schlüssel, Alters- und Gebrauchsspuren. Door lock 17th c. Decorative chapel lock with rectangular, tendril decorated top. Iron. 33 x 18 x 12 cm. - Without key, traces of age and use.
Degen Solingen, 19. Jh. Beidseitig gegratete Rückenklinge, Vierkant-Parierstange mit anscharniertem, nierenförmigem Stichblatt, Griff mit Drahtwicklung. Eisen, Messing, gepunzt. L. 88 cm. - Altersspuren. Epee Solingen, 19th c. Reverse blade, burred on both sides, square parry bar with hinged, kidney-shaped guard, handle with wire winding. Iron, brass, punched. L. 88 cm. - Signs of age.
Sehr großes Leuchterpaar Um 1700 Über profiliertem Glockenfuß mehrfach gegliederter Balusterschaft, leicht ausschwingende Traufschale. Messing. H. 68 cm. - Altersspuren, als Tischlampen adaptiert, geändert, originale Eisendorne vorhanden. Very large pair of candlesticks Ca. 1700 Over a profiled bell base, a baluster shaft with multiple joints, a slightly swinging eaves bowl; wax candle with a relief depicting the Dresden procession of princes. Brass. H. 68 cm. - Signs of age, smaller areas repaired with soft solder, the original iron spines with plates present.
Jatagan mit Scheide Osmanisches Reich, dat. 1878 Leicht geschwungene, einschneidige Eisenklinge mit graviertem Floraldekor und Dat., am Ansatz und Griff mit verzierter Messingmanschette, Leder bezogene Holzscheide. L. 57 cm. - Altersspuren. Jatagan with sheath Ottoman Empire, dated ''1878'' Slightly curved, single edged iron blade with engraved floral decoration and date, at the base and the handle with decorated brass cuff, leather covered wooden scabbard. L. 57 cm. - Signs of age.
Leuchterengel Süddeutschland, M. 18. Jh. Ganzfigurig schwebender Engel mit Hüfttuch und gespreizten Flügeln, einen floral verzierten Leuchterarm haltend. Holz, geschnitzt, farbig gefasst und teilweise vergoldet, Eisenblech. H. 64 cm. - Altersspuren, Fassung übergangen. Holzskulptur, Putto Chandelier angel Southern Germany, mid 18th c. Full-figured angel with hip scarf and spread wings, holding a floral decorated candlestick arm. Wood, carved, painted and partly gilded, sheet iron. H. 64 cm. - Signs of age, gilding renewed. wooden sculpture, putto
Degen 19. Jh. Beidseitig gekehlte, leicht gebogene Rückenklinge, balustrierter Holzgriff, kurze Parierstange mit -bügel. Eisen, Messing. L. 87 cm. - Altersspuren, Griff und Spitze beschädigt. Epee 19th c. Slightly curved back blade with fullers on both sides, balustrated wooden grip, short quillon with stirrup. Iron, brass. L. 87 cm. - Signs of age, handle and point damaged.
Paar Leuchter Norditalien, E. 18. Jh. Auf Tatzenfüßen quadratischer Sockel mit kanneliertem Säulenstumpf, reich gegliederter Balusterschaft mit Lanzettblattdekor. Holz, weiß gefasst und teils vergoldet, Eisendorne. H. 81 cm (ohne Dorne). - Fassung mit Altersspuren. Altarleuchter, italienisches Möbel, Kerzenhalter, Kerzenleuchter Pair of candlesticks Northern Italy, end 18th c. On paw feet square base with fluted column stump, richly decorated baluster shaft with lancet leaf decoration. Wood, white painted and partly gilded, iron thorns. H. 81 cm (without thorns). - Frame with traces of age. Italian furniture, candlestick, chamberstick
Große Rokoko-Pendule Paris, 2. H. 18. Jh. Mit Rocaillen und Blattspitzen beschnitztes, grau gefasstes und teilvergoldetes Holzgehäuse, Wappenbekrönung, vergoldete Bronzeapplikation eines Fabelwesens und Zifferblatt mit römischen Stundenzahlen und arabischer Minuterie in Emailkartuschen, gebläute Eisenzeiger. Mittig bez. "Pierre Leurtier A Paris". 66 x 36 x 20 cm. - Werk später, Pendel verloren, Altersspuren, Vergoldung teils erneuert. Kaminuhr, Kommodenuhr, Louis seize, Rokoko Large rococo pendule Paris, 2nd half 18th c. Wooden case carved with rocailles and leaf tips, grey painted and partly gilded, crowned by a coat of arms, gilded bronze application of a mythical creature and a dial with Roman hour and Arabic minute markers in enamel cartouches, blued iron hands. Inscribed ''Pierre Leurtier A Paris''. 66 x 36 x 20 cm. - Movement later, pendulum lost, traces of age, gilding partly renewed. mantle clock, mantle clock, Rococo
Pair of Japanese porcelain Imari design wave edged shallow dishes, overall with floral and stylised geometric patterns in under glaze blue, iron red and gilding. Decorated externally to the reverse. Unmarked. 19th Century. 22cm diameter approx.(B.P. 21% + VAT) No obvious damage, wear to gilding commensurate with age noted.
10th-early 11th century AD. An iron double-edged sword, variant of Petersen Type L, with tapering blade showing signs of employment on the battlefield to both edges; lower and upper guard with traces of silver inlay with chequered pattern, massive three lobed pommel with banding. See Petersen, J., De Norske Vikingsverd, Oslo, 1919; Bjorn A., Viking Antiquities in England, with a supplement of Viking antiquities on the Continent of Western Europe, Oslo, 1940; Wilson D. M., ‘Some neglected Late Anglo-Saxon swords’, in Medieval Archaeology, 1965, 9 (1), pp.32-54; Oakeshott, R.E., Records of the Medieval Sword, London,1991; Peirce, I., Swords of the Viking Age, Suffolk, 2002; the sword finds good parallels in various similar Viking age specimens; two very similar swords have been published by Peirce (2002, pp.77-81), both preserved at the British Museum; one of these is the very famous Witham sword (Bjorn, 1940, part 4, p.71; Oakeshott, 1991, p.26) although the specimen more akin is the BM inv.1856,7-1 1404; also the Westminster sword belongs to this classification (Wilson,1965, pp.42ff, pl.VII b"). 1 kg, 90.5cm (35 1/2"). Property of a European gentleman living in London; from his grandfather's collection by descent in 1989; formerly in the family collection since at least the 1970s; accompanied by an archaeological report by military specialist Dr. Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10201-166998. The swords classified as Petersen Type L, have been considered by many scholars as an English Type L. They have been found in Norway in greater quantities than in England or the British Isles, and it is enough to remember that Petersen mentions not less than fourteen of them in his sword register, spread over a wide area of find places, chronologically dated between mid 9th to mid 10th century AD. It is much more correct to say that this typology of swords, probably of Frankish production, were popular in England as well as in the Viking countries, and used widely by both cultures. Fine condition, preserved and conserved.
12th-13th century AD. An iron double-edged sword of Petersen Type X and Oakeshott Type Xa, its tapering blade with narrow fullers and battle nicks to both edges, one side with inlay; wide guard of Oakeshott Style 1, sturdy tang and tea-cosy pommel. See Petersen, J., De Norske Vikingsverd, Oslo, 1919; Oakeshott, E., Records of the Medieval Sword, Woodbridge, 1991; Oakeshott,E., The sword in the Age of the Chivalry, Woodbridge, 1964 (1994); Gravett, C., Medieval Norman Knight, 950-1204 AD, London, 1993; Peirce, I., Swords of the Viking Age, Suffolk, 2002; practically identical guard and pommel of the sword from Hagerbakken (Petersen, 1919, fig.124"). 1.2 kg, 85.5cm (33 3/4"). From a private family collection; previously acquired from a collection formed before 1990; thence by descent; accompanied by an archaeological report by the military specialist Dr. Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10206-167291. This type usually presents a slender blade, generally long in proportion to the hilt with a narrow fuller running for much of the blade’s length to within a few inches of the point. The tea-cosy or Brazil-nut variants were the most popular forms of pommel for this typology, from the late 10th century onwards (Gravett, 1993, p.5"). According to Petersen, this type was not originally of Nordic origin, even if some specimens were forged in the Nordic lands. The sword is found in such large quantities that it exists not only over the whole of Nordic countries, but also over the whole of Central Europe. It was a common Germanic type in Central and Northern Europe during the century preceding the Crusades, and it was still the typical Norman sword of the 12th century. Fine condition.
9th century AD. An iron double-edged sword of Petersen's Type 2 its tapering blade with battle nicks to the sides, long fullers with inlaid X-motif over a horizontal staff; boat-shaped lower guard and large lobed pommel, with possibly later added runes and other inlays. See Petersen, J., De Norske Vikingsverd, Oslo, 1919; Petersen, J., De Norske Vikingsverd, Saint Petersburg, 2005; Geibig, A., Beiträge zur morphologischen Entwicklung des Schwertes im Mittelalter: Eine Analyse des Fundmaterials vom ausgehenden 8. bis zum 12.Jahrhundert aus Sammlungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Wachholtz, 1991; Peirce, I., Swords of the Viking Age, Suffolk, 2002; the main example published by Petersen (p.121, fig.72) from Rimstad, Hedrum (Peirce, 2002, p.46), found together with its shield. 1.5 kg, 1.01cm (39 3/4"). From a private family collection; previously acquired from a collection formed before 1990; thence by descent; accompanied by an academic report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10205-167293. The fullers, usually well defined, mirror the shape of the blade, reaching a short and rather blunt point near the tip of the blade itself. The type is divided in three variants according to the width of the fuller. The slimmer blades, like this specimen, were in use from the mid-8th century and could (according to the pommel typology) have been in use until the first half of 10th century AD. It is also important to remember that the so-called Viking swords were not only the product of local Danish, Norwegian or Swedish craftsmen, but very often they were weapons of Frankish/Rhenish origin, much sought-after and widely distributed. Fine condition.
Late 2nd century AD. A bronze situla with flat bottom, the convex basin at the base becoming cylindrical, slightly flared at the mouth; the vessel is complete with the handle (ansa), ornamented with a decorative pattern of alternated triangles inscribed in a band all around the upper cylindrical part. Cf. Tassinari, S., La Vaisselle de Bronze, Romaine et Provinciale, au Mysée des Antiquités Nationales, XXIXe supplément de Gallia, Paris, 1975, items 117, 123-124; Boucher, S. & Tassinari, S., Musée de la Civilisation Gallo-Romaine à Lyon: Bronzes Antiques. Tome 1 Inscriptions, Statuaire, Vaisselle, Paris, 1976, figs.148-150. 113 grams,10cm (4"). From the private collection of Antony John Scammell (1937-2019); acquired from Artemission, London, UK, in 2011; accompanied by the original certificate of authenticity. Situla (plural situlae), from the Latin word for bucket or pail, is the term in archaeology and art history for a variety of elaborate bucket-shaped vessels from the Iron Age to the Middle Ages, usually with a handle at the top. All types may be highly decorated, most characteristically with reliefs in bands or friezes running round the vessel. Roman styles favoured a simple shape curving from the base, becoming vertical at the top, with a wide mouth and no shoulder, but sometimes a projecting rim. These had a variety of uses, including for washing and bathing. Any decoration was often concentrated on the upper part of the sides. Antony John Scammell (1937-2019) was born, and lived his entire life, in the city of Bristol, England. Already from an early age he was enthralled by history and the heroes that it created. While serving overseas with the British Army, Antony began collecting coins and banknotes and this led to collecting a variety of different items throughout his life. From the early 1960s onward, Antony invested in acquiring ancient artefacts. Antony's vast collections started with Egyptian antiquities, but soon branched into Greek and Roman civilisations. The Roman civilisation fascinated him most and, when family commitments allowed, archaeological digs were coordinated in the west of England. These digs uncovered numerous artefacts, many of which were donated to local museums. In retirement, the collecting continued apace, branching into UK coins, British Empire banknotes and fossils. Very fine condition.
Late 9th century BC-early 7th century BC. A broad hammered bronze helmet of conical shape, decorated to both sides of the bowl with chased low relief representing fighting divinities or warriors; two bronze rings for fastening the leather chin-strap to both sides; rows of pierced holes to the edges for fastening the leather lining; mounted on a custom-made display stand. See Barnett, R.D. and Falkner, M., The Sculptures of Assur-nasir-apli II (883-859 B.C.), Tiglath-pileser III (745-727 B.C.), Esarhaddon (681-669 B.C.) from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud, London, 1962; Born H. and Seidl U., Schutzwaffen aus Assyrien und Urartu, Sammlung Axel Guttmann IV, Mainz, 1995; Christie’s, The art of the warfare, the Axel Guttmann collection, Part I, Wednesday 6 November 2002, London, 2001; Dezs?, T., Near Eastern Helmets of the Iron Age, (British Archaeological Reports, S992), Oxford, 2001; Gorelik, M., Weapons of Ancient East, IV millennium BC-IV century BC, Saint Petersburg (2003) in Russian; Dezs?, T., The Assyrian Army, I. The structure of the Neo-Assyrian army as reconstructed from the Assyrian Palace Reliefs and Cuneiform Sources, 2. Cavalry and Chariotry, Budapest, 2012; similar helmets in Gorelik, 2003, pl. LXI, nn.3,95. 4.4 kg, 58.5cm including stand; helmet: 1.9 kg, 25cm (23"). From a private collection formed in the Netherlands; previously in a European collection formed prior to 1980; accompanied by an archaeological report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10198-165156. This rare and wonderful helmet is an unusual example of conical bowl with multiple rim-holes for the attachment of a lining fabric. Pointed conical helmets like this were worn both by cavalry (Barnett-Falkner, 1962, pls. LXIV-LXV; Dezs?, 2012, pp.14,19) and infantry of Urartian and Assyrian armies. Judging from the cavalry depictions of Urartian bronze helmets in Assyrian art, Urartian soldiers were equipped with an Assyrian-type pointed helmet, a rounded bronze shield, and two spears. Further incised representations on Urartian bronze helmets show cavalrymen wearing pointed helmets, equipped with lances, their upper body covered by a rounded bronze shield (Dezs?, 2001, cat.n.91-99"). Fine condition.
Early 9th century AD. A double-edged sword of Petersen's Type E with visible fullers, copper-inlaid runic symbols to one side of the blade, the other side with a Latin cross; the hilt with boat-shaped guard decorated with silver-inlaid circular segments, recently added fixing rivets, three-lobed pommel with inlaid vertical segments. See Petersen, J., De Norske Vikingsverd, Oslo, 1919; Geibig, A., Beiträge zur morphologischen Entwicklung des Schwertes im Mittelalter, Neumünster, 1991; Peirce, I., Swords of the Viking Age, Suffolk, 2002; Kainov, S.Yu., ‘????? ?????? ? ???? ? ???????? ????????’ in ??????? ?????????? ???.2. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? '??????? ??????????' ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????, 2011, pp.147-152; Kainov, S. Yu. ‘Swords from Gn?zdovo’ in Acta Militaria Mediaevalia VIII, pp.7-68; Williams, G., Pentz, P. & Wemhoff, M., Vikings Life and Legend, London, 2014; the sword presents a very similar shape to two Frankish swords of the same typology, one with 'VLFBERH+T' inscription (Williams, Pentz, Wemhoff, 2014, pp.81,102) and various specimens published by Kainov (2011, p.152, figs.10,13,16"). 1.4 kg, 97cm (38 1/4"). From a private family collection; previously acquired from a collection formed before 1990; thence by descent; accompanied by an archaeological report by weapon specialist Dr. Raffaele D'Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10203-167294. Petersen regarded Type E as an early type, originating at least in the first half of the ninth century, particularly associated with the region around Trondheim in Norway. Most characteristic of this type is the massive iron hilt decorated with an array of closely spaced circular indentations upon the face of the pommel and guards (in our specimen they are very shallow) which frequently may also be decorated with parallel inlaid silver or copper stripes. Fine condition.
1550-1610 AD. A rapier with a pointed diamond-section double-edged blade, ricasso extending to about 6cm with a stylised maker's mark with evidence of inlay, same maker's mark to the horizontal ring; bent quillons with inlay, an additional reinforcement knuckle bow to the lower part of the hilt, cylindrical pommel. See The Armouries of the Tower of London, Inventory of the armouries, the offensive weapons, London, 1916; Oakeshott, E., The sword in the Age of the Chivalry, Woodbridge, 1964 (1994); Dufty, A.R., European swords and daggers in the Tower of London, London, 1974; this specimen found various parallels with rapiers preserved in the museums around the world, like the ones published by Dufty (1974, plate 21) and preserved in the Tower of London, and (in the shape) with a decorated rapier of Metropolitan Museum (accession number 14.25.1117"). 1.3 kg, 1.01m (39 3/4"). From a private family collection; previously acquired from a collection formed before 1990; thence by descent; accompanied by an academic report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato The rapier, derived from Oakeshott Type XVIIIe swords, where the ricasso is usually narrower than the blade itself, was the principal civilian sidearm throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, without excluding its military use. Designed for cut-and-thrust fencing of progressively complex techniques, the rapier was usually characterised by a double-edged blade with an acute point and a complex guard for the hand. The guards, usually of iron or steel, were subject to a variety of embellishment. They were engraved, chiselled, gilded, damascened, and encrusted in gold and silver in keeping with fashionable styles. Rapier blades, invariably of steel, bear a variety of maker’s marks denoting their origin in the two principal centres of blade-making, Toledo in Spain and Solingen in Germany. It is generally accepted among historians that the rapier eclipsed the more ungainly methods of fighting – the evidence certainly suggests that for young men the elongated rapier was the weapon of choice. Fine condition.
8th century BC. A bronze helmet of conical form made in one piece, a raised groove to the front, three arched ribs with round terminals above the brim resembling eyebrows, chased royal lion motif above, the central rib from helmet's apex with a stylised animal; a row of pierced holes for the fastening of a leather lining to the edges; mounted on a custom-made stand. See Borchardt, J., Homerische Helme: Helmenformen der Ág?is in ihren Beziehungen zu orientalischen und europäischen Helmen in der Bronze-und frühen Eisenzeit, Mainz, 1972; Born H., Seidl U., Schutzwaffen aus Assyrien und Urartu, Sammlung Axel Guttmann IV, Mainz, 1995; Christie’s,The art of the warfare, the Axel Guttmann collection, Part I, Wednesday 6 November 2002, London; Christie’s,The art of the warfare, the Axel Guttmann collection, Part II, Wednesday 28 April 2004, London, 2004; Dezs?, T., Near Eastern Helmets of the Iron Age, (British Archaeological Reports, S992), Oxford, 2001. 2.1 kg total, 48cm including stand (19"). Property of a London gentleman; believed to be ex Guttmann collection; accompanied by an archaeological report by military specialist Dr. Raffaele D'Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10197-167081. In literature, these helmet are identified with the general word for helmet ( Gurpisu), and especially with the word Karbatullu. This specimen is a rare example of a helmet of this typology with multiple rim-holes for the attachment of a lining fabric, although this would have been normal for most Urartian helmets. The lion figure, also visible on Assyrian or Urartian helmet fragments preserved in the British Museum, is usually connected with the goddess Ishtar, supporter of Assyrian royal power. Fine condition.
1260-1325 AD. An iron sword of Oakeshott's Type XVI.2, cross style 7, pommel style I1, showing a slender triangular blade with shallow fullers and acute point; narrow lower guard with flared ends; strong signs of battle nicks along the edges; long grip with the tang inserted inside a pommel of disc or 'wheel' form cut into a hexagonal or octagonal shape by facetting. See Oakeshott, E., The sword in the Age of the Chivalry, Woodbridge, 1964 (1994); Dufty, A.R., European swords and daggers at the tower of London, London, 1974; Oakeshott, E. Records of the Medieval Sword, Woodbridge, 1991; Aleksi?, M., Mediaeval Swords from Southeastern Europe, materials from 12th to 15th century, Beograd, 2007; substantially identical to a sword of second half of 13th century found in Lucera Castle (waiting for publication by the author of the report); another very similar specimen is the sword preserved in the Philadelphia Museum of Art (Oakeshott, 1991, p.153); further similar cutting and thrusting blades in Dufty, 1974, pl.4a. and Aleksi? (2007, cat. 10, r. Hron, site Kalna nad Hronom, county of Levice, southwestern Slovakia, Tekovian Museum, Levice, inv.nr. 2976) all from 14th century AD. 848 grams, 88cm (34 1/2"). Property of a European gentleman living in London; from his grandfather's collection by descent in 1989; formerly in the family collection since at least the 1970s; accompanied by an academic report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D'Amato. The characteristic pommel and the presence of the socket in the tang of this specimen allow this sword to be paralleled by the description of French swords at the battle of Benevento (AD 1266) between Charles I d’Anjou and King Manfred of Sicily, in which the technological innovation brought by the Angevins on the field was the presence of estoc swords. [No Reserve] Fine condition, preserved and conserved.
10th century AD. An iron sword comprising a broad lentoid-section two-edged blade of Peirce's Type 3 with fullers for most of its length; curved guard with inlaid silver wire decoration consisting of scrolls, tendrils and loops; broad tang, pommel of Type O with scooped lower edge and five radiating lobes, similar inlaid wire decoration. Cf. Peirce, I., Swords of the Viking Age, Woodbridge, 2002, p.87-9, for a similar find from Vestre Berg, Norway, now in the Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo. 1.3 kg, 89cm (35"). From an important English collection; acquired in the 1990s; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10202-162582. The five-lobed pommel in which the lobes radiate from a curved base is particularly associated with Norwegian swords. Fine condition, usage wear.
METAL/ HARD ROCK PICTURE DISCS - 7"/ 10"/ 12" COLLECTION. A super collection of around 44 metal & hard rock picture disc pressings across all size formats. Artist/ titles include Iron Maiden - Be Quick Or Be Dead, Black Sabbath inc TV Crimes & Turn Up The Night. AC/DC - Guns For Hire, Def Leppard - Rock Of Ages, ELO - Ticket To The Moon, Bruce Springsteen inc Dancing In The Dark, Kiss, Scorpions, Budgie, UFO, Whitesnake, Samson, WASP, Alice Cooper, The Dogs D'Amour, Sammy Hagar, STYX, Marillion, Y&T, Toto, Dire Straits, The Who. Condition is generally VG to Ex. Some have yellowed a little with age.
Humber (William) A Practical Treatise on Cast and Wrought Iron Bridges and Girders, as applied to Railway Structures, first edition, half-title, lithographed tinted frontispiece, 58 lithographed plates, many double-page, ink signature to head of title, some foxing, contemporary half calf, rubbed, spine and corners worn, 1857 § Fairbairn (William) An Account of the Construction of the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges, first edition, presentation copy inscribed "To John Fred. Bateman with the author's affecte. regards" on front free endpaper and his bookplate, folding frontispiece, plates, most folding, some a little frayed or chipped at edges, original roan-backed cloth, spine ends worn and chipped, 1849; and 5 others, 4to & 8vo (7)⁂ The fine lithograph frontispiece of the first shows the Crumlin Viaduct in all its magnificence, one of the engineering marvels of the age, and in 1857 just commissioned. The work examines several projects in detail including designs by Joseph Cubitt (Great Northern Railway), Gardner (Reading, Guildford & Reigate Railway), Ashcroft (SER), Liddell & Gordon (Crumlin Viaduct) and Page (Chelsea Bridge).John Frederick Bateman (1810-79), civil engineer and son-in-law of Sir William Fairbairn.
Außergewöhnlicher GondelstuhlVenedig 17./18. Jh., Hartholz geschnitzt und farbig bemalt, muschelförmiger Sitz getragen von fein geschnitztem Fabelwesen mit Engelsflügeln und Bocksbeinen, aufwendige polychrome Malerei, Sitz mit geometrischem Dekor, die Beine mit Schuppenmotiven verziert, originale Verstrebung aus Schmiedeeisen, altersbedingte Fehlstellen in der Malschicht, trocknungsrissig, ältere Restaurierungen, H 90 x B 91 x T 55 cm. Extraordinary Gondola ChairVenice, 17th / 18th century, hardwood carved and colored, shell-shaped seat supported by finely carved mythical creatures with angel wings and goat legs, elaborate polychrome painting, seat with geometric decor, the legs decorated with fish scale motifs, original struts made of wrought iron, age-related defects in the paint layer, partial cracks from drying, older restorations, H 90 x W 91 x D 55 cm.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Double-bladed iron battle axe with a reinforced poll and socket; an elongated wedge-shaped cheek and short blade project from either end of the poll, allowing either end to be used to deliver a devastating blow. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this axe probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:68mm / W:240mm ; 765g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. This beautiful bronze sword has a tapering, bevelled blade with raised midrib, an integral handle with openwork decoration and a heavy, crescentic “skull crusher†guard which could be used for secondary bludgeoning attacks. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Superb condition; on a custom stand.Size: L:495mm / W:98mm ; 970g; Provenance: From the collection of a gentleman based in London; formerly in an old British collection; acquired in the 1980s.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. This beautiful bronze spear has a tapering, bevelled blade with a prominent midrib, a neck with twisted decoration and a tang, now bent, for insertion into a wooden haft. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Superb condition; beautiful patina; on a custom stand.Size: L:442mm / W:38mm ; 455g; Provenance: From the private collection of a South London art professional; previously in a collection formed on the UK/European art market before 2000.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron battle axe with elongated, curved blade, tapering cheek, reinforced poll and rectangular flanges for attachment to the handle. A circular perforation in the cheek would have allowed for the suspension of the weapon when it was not in use. The bearded axe, or Skeggøx (from Old Norse Skegg, "beard", and øx, "axe") was common from the 6th century AD onwards in Scandinavia, but made most famous by the Vikings, who used these axes in battle to terrible effect. Bearded axes are named for the fact that the main part of the axe blade extends below the butt of the axe, creating a large cutting blade and allowing a fighter to hook onto the shields or weapons of his (or her) opponents. Excellent condition; on a custom stand.Size: L:115mm / W:140mm ; 480g; Provenance: Important London collection of Ancient art; formed in 1970-80s then passed by descent.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron lancehead with pointed, pyramidal head, flaring neck and circular socket. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this lance probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:376mm / W:30mm ; 295g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. Bronze Age. A bronze spearhead with a leaf-shaped, lentoid sectioned blade, a raised midrib and a short neck that transitions into a tang. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition, on a custom-made stand; Size: L:145mm / W:25mm ; 35g; Provenance: From an old British collection, acquired on the UK art market in the 1980s.
C. 900 AD. Viking age. Medieval Scandinavian, pointed iron knife with an elongated, curved blade; expertly cleaned and conserved with hand-carved, reconstructed bone handle depicting a dragon. Knives were a vital part of everyday life in the Viking world, where forks were not used, and everyone had to carry their own knife, both for self-defence and for eating. The item is extremely well preserved and has been professionally cleaned; it comes on a custom-made stand. Please note that the handle is a hand-made modern reconstruction based on medieval originals and using traditional techniques.Size: L:330mm / W:63mm ; 120g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron battle axe with wide, fan-shaped blade, tapering cheek and rectangular poll. An incised cross motif is visible on the poll. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this axe probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:132mm / W:170mm ; 680g; Provenance: From the collection of a gentleman based in London; formerly with a British gallery; acquired in the 1990s.
C. 900 AD. Viking age. Medieval Scandinavian, pointed iron knife with a short, curved blade; expertly cleaned and conserved with hand-carved, reconstructed bone handle depicting a dragon. Knives were a vital part of everyday life in the Viking world, where forks were not used, and everyone had to carry their own knife, both for self-defence and for eating. The item is extremely well preserved and has been professionally cleaned; it comes on a custom-made stand. Please note that the handle is a hand-made modern reconstruction based on medieval originals and using traditional techniques.Size: L:245mm / W:45mm ; 95g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. This bronze speak has a leaf-shaped blade with raised midrib and barbs, broad neck and a tang for insertion into a haft. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition; great patina; on a custom stand.Size: L:153mm / W:24mm ; 30g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed since the 1980s on the UK and European art market.
2000-700 BC. Bronze Age. Rare axe head with short, crescentic blade, elongated cylindrical cheek, projecting loop handle and stepped socket. A moulded male human face with abstract features is depicted just below the socket rim. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Axes, swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Excellent condition; on a custom stand. Size: L:155mm / W:62mm ; 535g; Provenance: From the collection of a gentleman based in London; formerly with a British gallery; acquired in the 1990s.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. This beautiful bronze sword has a tapering, bevelled blade with raised midrib and a sub-rectangular handle for insertion into a handle. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Superb condition; on a custom stand.Size: L:477mm / W:52mm ; 460g; Provenance: Private collection of an Oxford professional, formed in the 1970s-1990s on the UK art market.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Rare iron battle axe with a wide, crescentic blade, tapering cheek, reinforced poll and socket. On the rear, a hammerhead would have allowed for secondary stunning attacks, in addition to the powerful cutting effect of the blade. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this axe probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:173mm / W:206mm ; 245g; Provenance: Obtained on the London art market in the early 2000s; formerly from the collection of an English Family, by descents form the 1970s.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Large iron spearhead with pointed, leaf-shaped blade, flaring neck and circular socket. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this spear probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:350mm / W:42mm ; 350g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s;
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron battle axe with squat, curved blade, narrow cheek, rounded poll and an elongated, pointed spike on the reverse. The spike would have allowed for secondary, armour-penetrating attacks, in addition to the powerful cutting effect of the blade. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this axe probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:62mm / W:250mm ; 360g; Provenance: Property of a London gallery, previously in old British collection formed in the 1980s.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. This bronze speak has a broad, leaf-shaped blade with raised midrib, and a tang for insertion into a haft. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition; great patina; on a custom stand.Size: L:125mm / W:30mm ; 25g; Provenance: Private London collection, formed since the 1980s on the UK and European art market.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron battle axe with tall, square blade, tapering cheek, rounded poll and a heavy, round-faced hammerhead on the reverse. The hammerhead would have allowed for secondary stunning attacks, in addition to the powerful cutting effect of the blade. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this axe probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:100mm / W:150mm ; 390g; Provenance: From an old British collection formed in the 1990s; previously acquired in Germany
C. 300 BC. Celtic Iron Age. Bronze omega brooch with circular hoop, rounded terminals and well-preserved loop pin. The metal of the brooch now displays a gorgeous deep green patina. In ancient Celtic societies brooches were used not only as jewellery but also as ritual objects with high monetary values and portable stores of wealth. Excellent condition; beautiful patina.Size: L:55mm / W:57mm ; 31.2g; Provenance: Property of a West London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/International art market in the 1970s.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron battle axe with elongated, curving blade, tapering cheek and reinforced poll. An incised star motif is visible on the cheek. The bearded axe, or Skeggøx (from Old Norse Skegg, "beard", and øx, "axe") was common from the 6th century AD onwards in Scandinavia, but made most famous by the Vikings, who used these axes in battle to terrible effect. Bearded axes are named for the fact that the main part of the axe blade extends below the butt of the axe, creating a large cutting blade and allowing a fighter to hook onto the shields or weapons of his (or her) opponents. Excellent condition; on a custom stand.Size: L:170mm / W:140mm ; 610g; Provenance: Obtained from a I.L.C; previously formed in 1970-80s then passed by descent.
1200-700 BC, Greek Archaic Period. Bronze Age. A bronze spearhead with a leaf-shaped, lentoid sectioned blade, a raised midrib and a short neck decorated with incised lines that transitions into a tang. Bronze weaponry production flourished in western Asia, the Aegean, and Mainland Greece from the 2nd millennium BC to about 700 BC, when it was gradually replaced by iron. Swords, spears, and arrows were important symbols of war in Greek Bronze Age societies and served as powerful reminders that authority rested in the hands of those who could earn it. Good condition, on a custom-made stand; Size: L:170mm / W:22mm ; 40g; Provenance: Property of a North London gentleman; previously acquire on the UK/European art market in the 1970s.
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Iron battle axe with heavy, elongated, straight blade, tapering cheek and reinforced rectangular poll. An incised star motif is visible on the cheek. The bearded axe, or Skeggøx (from Old Norse Skegg, "beard", and øx, "axe") was common from the 6th century AD onwards in Scandinavia, but made most famous by the Vikings, who used these axes in battle to terrible effect. Bearded axes are named for the fact that the main part of the axe blade extends below the butt of the axe, creating a large cutting blade and allowing a fighter to hook onto the shields or weapons of his (or her) opponents. Excellent condition; on a custom stand.Size: L:195mm / W:162mm ; 1.1kg; Provenance: Property of a London gentleman, formerly with the Parthenon gallery, previously in an old English collection formed in the 1980s
900-1100 AD. Viking Age. Large iron lancehead with pointed, leaf-shaped blade with bevelling, flaring neck and circular socket. A raised rib with incised line decoration is preserved just above the socket. The era known as the Viking age lasted for more than 300 years, from the late 8th century to the late 11th century. The history of the Vikings is closely linked to their role as masters of the sea. They were feared as fierce and ruthless invaders; this spear probably belonged to a Viking warrior who left his home to travel and fight in search of fortune. Excellent condition; on a custom-made stand.Size: L:395mm / W:55mm ; 445g, Provenance: Private collection of a West London gentleman; previously in a collection formed on the UK/International art market in the 1980s.
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