67
KONGO ZOOMORPHIC POWER FIGURE, Nkisi
1/4
Description
KONGO ZOOMORPHIC POWER FIGURE, Nkisi
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
KONGO ZOOMORPHIC POWER FIGURE, Nkisi
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
Auction Details
Shipping
T&Cs & Important Info
Ask seller a question
KONGO ZOOMORPHIC POWER FIGURE, Nkisi
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
KONGO ZOOMORPHIC POWER FIGURE, Nkisi
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
Wilhelm Micholitz, born in Saxony, had a keen desire to work for “The Orchid King”, Frederick Sander, a fellow German by birth, but living in St Albans where he presided over one of the greatest orchid nurseries in Europe. “Please forgive my eagerness but for many years it has been my strong desire to join your firm” Micholitz wrote from Tottenham in in 1882. His persistence paid off and in the same year he was sent on his first expedition to the Philippines. He would continue in Sander’s employ, until 1914. The many letters he wrote to his employer from his travels over thirty years have survived and are a fascinating window into to the arduous and perilous work of an orchid hunter in the Victorian era. Competition was fierce so secrecy concerning travel plans was essential and the challenge of ensuring plants arrived home in good condition was colossal. The quantity of plants lost whilst awaiting shipment, that died during the long transit to England, or were lost in shipwrecks was enormous.
Almost all Micholitz’s trips in search of orchids were to the east – the Philippines, the Aru Islands, Maluku, New Guinea and Sumatra to name but a few. In 1885/6 he did make one trip to Africa which is rarely referred to in biographical texts, perhaps mainly due to its lack of success.
On 28 July 1885 he writes to Sander from Liverpool from where he was about to embark on the trip but first needs to buy a tent. On 15 September he is in Banana (at the mouth of the Congo River)
“Here the vegetation is very poor. The terrain is hilly and covered with grass 10-15 ft high, which is burnt down once a year by the natives. No chance of orchids here. In the close vicinity of the river, there is forest, but from there to Stanleypool the area is dry and nothing but grass can be found there. I don’t think it will be worthwhile to go to Stanleypool. I shall therefore limit myself to searching the lower Congo, then as soon as possible go to Loango and up the Kwilu river which has very rich vegetation. Later I shall travel to the Ogowe.”
His fortunes had not improved by 13 October when he writes from Boma –
“I have carried out my stated intent to travel up the Congo river until Vivi, but I cannot report good results.
Between Banana and Boma there is some vegetation, but nothing other than Lissochilus giganteus, which I have not collected thus far. I also found 2 or three parasitic orchids, one of which looks like a Bulbophyllum but has very small flowers. Otherwise, there was nothing……”.
Two weeks later -
“Tomorrow I shall depart from here with 20 people to go to Quilo and I shall arrive in Luango within 2 or 3 months. I hope to find something good.”
On 18 April 1886 Micholitz writes from Loango
“I received your letter a few days ago and was pleased to hear that you want me to return to Europe. Here there is nothing to be done, especially with regard to orchids. I have spent nearly 6 weeks beside the Quilon river, yet apart from a few bouts of fever, I have achieved nothing of note. Despite an abundance of vegetation I discovered only 2 insignificant orchids, and it was not worth picking them off the trees. Unfortunately I did not find the Angraecum.
My health is in a very bad state. I have had a fever for the last 3 days and my head seems to want to part company with me. I have just taken 18 grains of quinine, because I have 20 people here and tomorrow, come what may, I intend to start an exploration into the centre to collect the variegated Philodendron and the Costus. In 12 to 14 days, unless I die, I shall be back and will depart for England on the 14th, 15th or 16th May.”
Although his African trip was not a great success, Micholitz proved to be one of Sander’s most successful plant hunters. He returned from his final trip in 1914 by which time Sander & Co was in considerable financial trouble and Frederick Sander’s health was failing. Micholitz retired to Saxony shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. With his savings invested in government funds which became worthless after the end of the war in 1918, he lived the rest of his life in relative poverty.
Micholitz’s name would be perpetuated in his many finds; Aerudes micholitzii, Phalaenopsis micholitzii, Coelogyne Memoria Wilhelm Micholitz, etc.
Micholitz can perhaps best be summed up in the words of Arthur Swinson in Frederick Sander: The Orchid King, (London, 1970, p.82)-
“There are few men whose spirit is conveyed powerfully in everything they write, even on the most mundane matters, and Micholitz was one of them. From these scribbled letters on poor paper, often smudged by the jungle rains, his personality emerges with astonishing clarity and force. Obviously he was a man of enormous integrity, energy and loyalty; a man of knowledge and vast experience in his chosen field. At the same time he was ill-starred and knew it; the great prizes of life would always elude him. But he struggled on with dogged courage, occasionally protesting against the arrows of misfortune, or the careless neglect of the firm of Sander & Company, but always doing his duty as he saw it.”
Illustration : Portrait of Wilhelm Micholitz by Philip Adolphe Klier, Rangoon, circa 1888
27 cm. high
Provenance
Collected by Wilhelm Micholitz (1854–1932), orchid hunter, 1885/6
African and Oceanic Art
Sale Date(s)
Lots: 229
Venue Address
Rue du Grand Cerf 6
Brussels
1000
Belgium
For Lempertz Köln delivery information please telephone +32 2 514 05 86.
Important Information
Sale Brussels
Wednesday 10 May 2023
2 pm
Terms & Conditions
I. In General
The art auction house, Lempertz N.V. (henceforth referred to as ‘Lempertz’) conducts
public auctions as commissioning agent in its own name and on behalf of the accounts
of the submitter. The identity of the submitter remains in principle unknown.
These conditions of sale are applicable to all contracts concluded by Lempertz. Anyone
who makes a commitment with Lempertz or who attends an art auction, viewing day
or any other similar event, acknowledges and accepts these conditions of sale.
These conditions of sale are originally drawn up in the Dutch language. In case of
conflict or discordance between the Dutch version and the translated version, the
Dutch version is conclusive.
The lots are sold in the state in which they are found at the moment of the allocation
(‘as is’). The absence of any reference to the state of the lot does not mean that the lot
is in a good state or is free from damages, defects or restorations.
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is
not applicable.
II. The Auction process & the process of bidding
II.1. Submission of bids
1. Bids in attendance – The floor bidder receives a bidding number on presentation of
his identity card. Lempertz reserves the right to grant entry to the auction. Lempertz
reserves the right to deny access to her premises or participation in the auction.
2. Bidding in one’s own name and on one’s own account – Every bidder is considered
to act in his own name and on his own account and is personally liable for making the
payment.
3. Bids in absentia – Bids can also be submitted either in writing, telephonically or via
the internet. The placing of bids in absentia must reach Lempertz at least twenty four
(24) hours before the beginning of the auction to ensure the proper processing thereof.
The lot must be mentioned in the bid placed by the bidder, together with ticket number and lot description. In the event of ambiguities, the listed ticket number becomes
applicable. The instruction to bid must be signed by the bidder. The buyer does not
have a right of withdrawal (art. VII 53,11° and VII 73,11° Belgian economic law code).
Telephonic bids – Lempertz cannot vouch for the establishment and maintenance of
a connection. In submitting a bid placement, the bidder declares that he agrees to the
recording of the telephone conversation.
Bids via the internet – Lempertz only considers bids via the internet if the bidder has
registered himself on the internet website beforehand. Lempertz treats these bids in the
same way as placed bids in writing. Lempertz cannot vouch for the establishment and
maintenance of a connection.
4. Bank guarantee and other guarantees – Lempertz has the right to require a bank
guarantee or any other guarantee from the bidder to prove his creditworthiness.
5. Obligation to provide information (anti-money laundering legislation) –
The bidder provides a copy of the identity documents of the bidder and, as the case
may be, of the actual buyer on whose account the bidder occurs.
II.2. Carrying out the auction
6. Allocation – The hammer will come down when no higher bids are submitted after
three calls for a bid. In extenuating circumstances, Lempertz is entitled to refuse the
acceptance of a bid or to reserve the allocation.
The bidder, who places the highest bid (the buyer), himself or through a third person,
buys the lot at the hammer price. The sales contract is concluded between Lempertz
and the buyer.
7. Bids for an absentee bidder – Bids for absentee bidders are only played to an
absolute maximum by Lempertz if this is deemed necessary to out-bid another bid.
8. Reserve – Lempertz can bid on behalf of the submitter up to the agreed limit without revealing this and irrespective of whether other bids are submitted.
9. No liability of Lempertz – Even if bids have been placed, Lempertz is not liable if
the hammer has not come down, except in the case of wilful intent.
10. Dispute or error with respect to the allocation – Lempertz decides to whom
the lot is allocated in case of error or dispute with respect to the allocation. If several
individuals make the same bid at the same time, and after the third call, no higher bid
ensues, then the case is decided by lot/fate.
If a higher bid that was submitted on time, was erroneously overlooked and immediately queried by the affected bidder, or if any doubts arise regarding its allocation,
Lempertz can cancel the sale and reoffer and resell the lot in dispute.
11. The refusing of bids – Lempertz reserves the right to refuse certain bids.
12. Lempertz’s discretion – Lempertz has the right at its absolute and sole discretion
to withdraw any catalogue lots from the sale, to offer any lot in an order different from
that given in the catalogue, to transfer the catalogue lots to a later auction, and to
divide or combine any catalogue lots.
13. Once a lot has been knocked down, the successful bidder is obliged to buy it –
The bidder to whom the lot was allocated, is obliged to buy the lot at the purchase
price. If a bid is accepted conditionally, the bidder is bound by his bid until four (4)
weeks after the auction unless he withdraws from the conditionally accepted bid at the
latest one day after the auction.
14. Transfer of ownership and risk – The risk relating the allocated lot is directly
transferred to the buyer upon the fall of the hammer. The transfer of ownership to the
buyer takes place after the reception of the full purchase price by Lempertz.
III. The Completion of the auction transaction
after the allocation of the lots
15. Calculation of the purchase price – The purchase price consists of the hammer
price, plus the premium, the VAT and the resale right.
16. Buyers’ premium – The Buyer pays a premium of 25 calculated on the hammer
price up to a hammer price of € 500.000 and 22 on any amount surpassing
€ 500.000.
17. VAT – The Buyer pays 21 VAT on the premium (margin scheme – article 58
§4 W.BTW). The Buyer pays a VAT of 21% on the net invoice price (hammer price
+ premium) for the lots which are characterized in the Catalogue by an asterisk ( * )
(normal VAT regime).
The exports to third countries (i.e. non-EU) are exempted from VAT, and so will be
exports made by companies from other EU member states if they state their VAT
identification number.
If an auction participant personally exports a lot to a third country (i.e. non-EU),
Lempertz refunds the VAT as soon as Lempertz has received the proof of export and
import, and provided that it was included in the purchase price.
18. Reservation for invoices – An invoice issued during the auction or immediately
after the auction requires verification. Lempertz cannot be held liable for errors in
these invoices.
19. Payment – Successful bidders attending the auction in person pay the purchase
price to Lempertz immediately after the auction. The purchase price is immediately
due and payable, also for buyers who did not attend the auction in person.
Bank transfers are to be made exclusively in Euros. Cheques cannot be accepted.
When the purchase price amounts to €3.000,00 or more, the buyer cannot pay in
cash (anti-money laundering legislation). This also applies when the purchase price of
different lots together amounts to €3.000,00 or more.
The payment is not deemed to have been effected before Lempertz has received it in
cash or before the bank account of Lempertz has been duly credited. The payments of
the buyer to Lempertz always firstly serve for the settlement of the oldest outstanding
debt of the buyer to Lempertz.
20. An invoice corresponding to another client – The request to issue an auction
invoice in the name of a client other than the bidder has to be made immediately after
the auction. Lempertz reserves the right to refuse such a request. The bidder and the
buyer are jointly and severally bound by all obligations arising from that bid.
21. Late payment and non-payment – In case of late payment, interests amounting to
1% of the purchase price a month are, automatically and without any prior notice of
default, charged from the due date onwards.
In case of non-payment within five (5) working days after the auction, Lempertz
is entitled (at its discretion):
o to insist on performance of the agreement; and/or
o to dissolve the purchase agreement by simple written notification, without any
prior notice of default and without any intervention by the courts. Lempertz can
reoffer and resell the lot at an auction; and/or
o to claim damages for non-performance from the buyer in default, such as – but not
limited to – the payment of the difference between the agreed purchase price and
the new purchase price of the lot after a new auction, plus the cost of resale Under
no circumstances the defaulting buyer is entitled to the possible surplus when the
lot is sold at a higher purchase price at the new auction;
and/or
o to retain the lot as well as any lot allocated to the buyer at the same auction or at
any other auction. Lempertz has the right to release the lots only when the total
amount due for all the lots has been duly paid. Lempertz can transport, store and
insure the lots at the expense of the buyer.
Lempertz has the right to reject or not take into account any bids placed by or on the
account of the defaulting buyer during future auctions.
22. Collection of purchased lots – The buyer is obliged to collect the purchased lot
immediately after the auction. The lot will not be surrendered to the buyer until the
reception of full payment by Lempertz. Lempertz is not liable for the purchased lots,
except in the case of wilful intent.
23. Transport, dispatch or shipping – Every transport, dispatch or shipping of purchased lots is organised by the buyer on his own responsibility. Without any exception the
transport, dispatch or shipping takes place at the expense and the risk of the buyer.
24. Failure to collect purchased lots – In case the buyer does not collect the purchased
lots within four (4) weeks after the auction, Lempertz is entitled to store and insure
the not-collected lots at the expense of the buyer. In that case, the store and insure
costs are 1% of the hammer price a month. Lempertz is not liable in the event of loss or
damage, except in case of intentional acts.
IV. State of the purchased lots
25. The Buyer’ duty to investigate – All lots put up for sale at the auction can be
viewed and inspected prior to the auction. The buyer undertakes to inspect and
investigate the lots before the auction. The buyer is considered to be fully and personally informed at its own risk about the state and quality of the lots, as well as about
the authenticity of the lots and the conformity of the lots with the description in the
catalogue. The buyer bears the risk of the identification of the lot.
26. The awareness of the buyer – The buyer acknowledges that it is not possible for
Lempertz to examine all lots in detail. The buyer acknowledges that Lempertz is reliant
upon the information of the submitter for the description of the lots such as for
example in the catalogue.
The buyer acknowledges that every statement in the catalogue, the brochures or any
other publicity, as well as in any condition report from Lempertz, in relation to
authorship, origin, creation, age, attribution, quality and state of the lot is only an
opinion and not a fact. The buyer acknowledges that Lempertz does not warrant and
cannot give any warranty as to the authenticity of the lot.
The buyer acknowledges that the lots submitted are usually from a certain age, so that
it is impossible that the lots are in perfect condition.
27. statements and descriptions of the lots – All statements and descriptions in the
catalogue and related specifications on the internet are compiled in good faith. They
are derived from the status of the information available at the time of compiling the
catalogue.
Every statement or description in the catalogue, the brochures or any other publicity, as
well as in any condition report from Lempertz, in relation to authorship, origin, creation,
age, attribution, quality and state of the lot is an opinion and not a fact and cannot be
considered as a reality. The statements and descriptions in the catalogue are provided for
information purposes only, without any warranty. The same applies for illustrations and
images in the catalogue, as well as any other oral or written information.
The statements, descriptions and illustrations are no part of the contractual agreed
characteristics. The certificates or certifications from artists, their estates or experts are
no part of the agreement, unless if they are explicitly mentioned in the catalogue text.
28. The state of the lot at the moment of the allocation (‘as is’) – The buyer purchases
the lots in the state in which they are found at the moment of the allocation, with
their defects and imperfections. The state of the lot is not always mentioned in the
catalogue. The absence of any reference to the state of the lot does not imply that the
lot is in a good state or that the lot is free from damages, defaults or restorations.
V. Copyright
29. Photography and publicity – The submitter and the buyer grant the right to Lempertz to photograph and publish each lot in its possession in relation to the auction
and in any other relation. Lempertz acquires and preserves the copyright on all images
and can use them at its own discretion, even after the lot has been sold.
VI. Liability and warranty
30. The nature of the obligations – The obligation of the buyer and the submitter
resulting from the contractual relation are result obligations (‘obligation de résultat’),
unless expressely provided otherwise. The obligations of Lempertz arising from the
contractuel relation are best efforts obligations (‘obligation de moyen’).
31. Joint and several liability – The buyer, the bidder and anyone who buys for joint
account, are jointly and severally liable for all obligations arising from the sale.
32. No liability/warranty for the lots – The buyer buys the lots in the state in which
they are found at the moment of allocation, with their defaults and imperfections.
Lempertz does not give any warranties in this regard. Lempertz cannot be held liable
for the damages resulting from a default, a loss or a damage to the purchased lot,
irrespective of the legal basis, except in the case of wilful intent.
33. No liability for the catalogue or condition report – Lempertz is not liable if the
lots differ from the statements, descriptions and illustrations in the catalogue or from
any other information (for example online). Lempertz is not liable for a condition
report drawn up at the request of bidder.
34. No liability/warranty for non-authenticity – Lempertz does not warrant the
authenticity of the lots and is not liable for non-authenticity of the lots, except in
case of wilful intent. The liability for bodily injury or damages caused to health or life
remains unaffected.
35. Limitation of liability – In any case the liability of Lempertz is limited to the total
purchase price which was effectively paid by the buyer.
36. Claims against the submitter – In the event of variances from the catalogue
descriptions which result in negation or substantial diminution of value or suitability
of the lot, Lempertz is entitled to pursue its rights against the submitter through
the courts. In the event of a successful claim against the submitter, Lempertz does
only reimburse the buyer the total purchase price paid. Under no circumstances this
amount exceeds the amount of the claim against the submitter which was granted and
effectively paid.
Lempertz, has the right to transfer its claim for damages against the submitter for any
damage arising from the inauthenticity of the auctioned lot to the buyer, without any
further liability.
VII. Miscellaneous
37. Place of performance – The place of performance of the obligations resulting from
the contractual relations is Brussels.
38. Applicable law – Belgian law is applicable to the contractual relations. The provisions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of
Goods (CISG) are not applicable.
39. Dispute settlement – All disputes resulting from or relating to the contractual
relation will be resolved exclusively by the courts and tribunals of Brussels.
40. waiver of set-off or merger confusion – The buyer and the submitter waive their
right to invoke set-off or merger confusion. The buyer is not entitled to
invoke article 1653 of the Belgian Civil Code in relation to buyer’s disturbance.
41. Partial nullity – If one or more provisions of these conditions of sale would be
declared completely or partially null and void, then this nullity is limited to this
provision and the remaining provisions of these conditions
